1116

==== Byzantine Empire ====

==== Byzantine Empire ====

* Autumn &ndash; [[Battle of Philomelion]]: Emperor [[Alexios I Komnenos]] leads an expedition into [[Anatolia]] and meets the [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuk]] army under Sultan [[Malik Shah (Rûm)|Malik Shah]] (near [[Akşehir|Philomelium]]). The Byzantines introduce a new battle formation of Alexios’ devising, the ”parataxis” (a defensive formation, consisting of a hollow square, with the baggage in the centre). During the battle, the Seljuk Turks mount several attacks on the formations, but all are repulsed. The Byzantine cavalry makes two counterattacks; the first is unsuccessful. But a second attack, led by [[Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger]], breaks the Seljuk forces, who then turn to flight. The following day Malik Shah again attacks, his army completely surrounding the Byzantines from all sides. The Seljuk Turks are once more repulsed, with many losses. Alexios claims the victory, and Malik Shah is forced to accept a peace treaty, in which he promises to respect the frontiers of the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref>Birkenmeier, John W. (2002). ”The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180”. Brill. {{ISBN|90-04-11710-5}}.</ref><ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ”A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem”, p. 112. {{ISBN|978-0241-29876-3}}.</ref>

* Autumn &ndash; [[Battle of Philomelion]]: Emperor [[Alexios I Komnenos]] leads an expedition into [[Anatolia]] and meets the [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuk]] army under Sultan [[Malik Shah (Rûm)|Malik Shah]] (near [[Akşehir|Philomelium]]). The Byzantines introduce a new battle formation of Alexios’ devising, the ”parataxis” (a defensive formation, consisting of a hollow square, with the baggage in the centre). During the battle, the Seljuk Turks mount several attacks on the formations, but all are repulsed. The Byzantine cavalry makes two counterattacks; the first is unsuccessful. But a second attack, led by [[Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger]], breaks the Seljuk forces, who then turn to flight. The following day Malik Shah again attacks, his army completely surrounding the Byzantines from all sides. The Seljuk Turks are once more repulsed, with many losses. Alexios claims the victory, and Malik Shah is forced to accept a peace treaty, in which he promises to respect the frontiers of the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref>Birkenmeier, John W. (2002). ”The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180”. Brill. {{ISBN|90-04-11710-5}}.</ref><ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ”A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem”, p. 112. {{ISBN|978-0241-29876-3}}.</ref>

==== Levant ====

==== Levant ====