2025 United States federal government shutdown

On October 1, 2025, the federal government of the United States entered a shutdown at midnight EDT after Congress failed to pass appropriations legislation for the 2026 fiscal year, which began that day. The shutdown has continued for 41 days as Congress has been unable to pass a continuing resolution to fund the government. The House has advanced a continuing resolution, but the Senate has rejected it 14 times. Senate Democrats have opposed the Republican appropriations bill because it does not include an extension of the Affordable Care Act subsidies previously extended by the Inflation Reduction Act.^[a]

The shutdown resulted in the furlough of roughly 900,000 federal employees and kept another two million working without pay. Some government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid continue to operate, as do certain agencies such as the Department of Defense and the Transportation Security Administration. Other agencies’ operations have been partially or fully suspended, including the National Institutes of Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the WIC program.

The shutdown is the 11th government shutdown that resulted in federal employees being furloughed and is the longest government shutdown in U.S. history.^[7][8]

Background

Government funding procedure and fiscal authority

Article One of the United States Constitution vests the U.S. Congress with the authority to appropriate funds drawn from the Treasury.^[9]: 1 Since 1977, the federal budget process has used a fiscal year that runs from October 1 to September 30 of the following year, with 12 individual spending bills that must be passed.^[9]: 12 Political polarization has affected this process, often forcing lawmakers to pass continuing resolutions to temporarily fund the government.^[10]

The failure of Congress to agree on funding legislation leads to a government shutdown when the previous funding term ends.^[9]: 28-29 In a government shutdown, federal agencies continue work categorized as “essential“, but federal employees and contractors are furloughed and not immediately paid. The authority to determine the work that continues is vested in the director of the Office of Management and Budget, although the president has broad authority over this process.^[11]

Earlier budget impasse

Ahead of a lapse of government funding expected to occur in March 2025, Democrats in Congress largely objected to funding the government as President Donald Trump moved to assume control of the extent of its operations, including eliminating federal funding and dismissing government workers. Hours before the deadline, Senate minority leader Chuck Schumer announced that he would support a continuing resolution to fund the government through September, arguing that Trump’s efforts were being halted in the courts—which could be impeded by a shutdown; that a shutdown would give greater authority to the Department of Government Efficiency; and that market uncertainty would mount over a shutdown in addition to imminent widespread tariffs, causing ambiguity over the responsibility of economic fear.^[12] Schumer’s support incited other Democrats to vote in favor of a temporary continuing resolution proposed by Republicans, allowing the measure to pass and averting a shutdown. Schumer was criticized by several Democrats for his move, including House Democratic Leader Hakeem Jeffries.^[13]

Affordable Care Act subsidies

Passed in 2010, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was a major reform of the U.S. healthcare system that, among other provisions, established income-based tax credits to subsidize the cost of health insurance.^[14] For eligible households, subsidies reduced the cost of insurance premiums to between 2.07% and 9.38% of income.^[15] Households earning more than 400% of the federal poverty level were ineligible for subsidies, creating a steep welfare cliff.^[16]

The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 increased and expanded the subsidies, though only temporarily for 2021 and 2022. It eliminated the upper income cap for who is eligible for subsidies and further limited the share of income paid, now for all households, to between 0% and 8.5%.^[17][15][14] In line with the Build Back Better Plan, Democratic lawmakers proposed bills to make the expanded tax credits permanent.^[15][18] As a compromise, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 extended the expanded subsidies through 2025.^[19]

In 2025, Congress allowed the expanded subsidies to expire and made additional cuts to the medical welfare system under the One Big Beautiful Bill Act.^[20] Contention over these changes became a major conflict leading to the government shutdown.^[21]

Budget discussions

Initial passages and emerging conflicts

The continuing resolution Republicans passed set a deadline through the remainder of that year’s fiscal budget term, expected to conclude at the end of September. In July, Republicans approved the Trump administration‘s request to rescind US$9 billion allocated for foreign aid and public broadcasting. Washington senator Patty Murray, the ranking member of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, told The New York Times that the “partisan rescissions bill” complicated efforts for Democrats to work with Republicans on a funding bill for the next year’s budget, set to begin in October. That month, senators opened debate on a series of appropriations bills, beginning with military construction projects and veterans programs. Democrats indicated that they would seek to avert a shutdown in budget discussions.^[12] In July, Office of Management and Budget Director Russell Vought said, “The appropriations process has to be less bipartisan“, said the White House would not abide by bipartisan spending agreements, and reiterated that he believed the Impoundment Control Act was unconstitutional. The remarks drew condemnation from Democrats and pushback from Senate Majority Leader John Thune.^[22]

By August, Senators approved an initial set of spending bills, including US$433 billion for veterans programs, US$19.8 billion for military construction and family housing projects, US$27.1 billion for agricultural programs, and US$7.1 billion to continue the operations of Congress and legislative agencies.^[23] Although the bills passed before an anticipated recess that month for the first time since 2018, the objections mounted, indicating further resistance ahead of the deadline. Louisiana senator John Kennedy unsuccessfully sought a two percent reduction in the agriculture bill. Kennedy later called for a separate vote on the legislative branch funding bill to state his opposition to the funding level. A fourth bill that would have funded the Department of Commerce, the Department of Justice, and science agencies faltered after opposition from Maryland senator Chris Van Hollen. The legislative branch funding bill largely kept the Government Accountability Office‘s funding levels consistent, despite the agency’s conflict with the Trump administration; the House of Representatives‘s bill halved the office’s budget.^[23] In September, House Speaker Mike Johnson and House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries discussed extending government funding into November or December.^[24] A continuing resolution emerged as a likely possibility to resolve the impasse, though the cession of Congress’s authority to determine spending concerned several Democrats.^[25]

Impasse and deadlock

The Trump administration, along with several fiscal hawks, advocated for funding the government through January. Conversely, Democrats and some Republicans sought a deal through November to ensure additional time for a compromise. The administration’s move to cancel almost US$5 billion in foreign aid through a pocket rescission intensified the impasse. House and Senate appropriators suggested a bill to fund the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Veterans Affairs, and congressional operations for a year with a short-term extension for other agencies.^[26] Representative Andy Harris, the chair of the Freedom Caucus, expressed reluctant support for a temporary bill proposed by Representative Tom Cole, the chair of the House Committee on Appropriations, so long as Cole had the votes.^[27] The discussions collided with the Trump administration’s request to bolster security for Supreme Court justices and increase funding for the Marshals Service after the assassination of Charlie Kirk.^[28] Lower-court judges also sought security of their own.^[29]

Democrats sought to force Republicans to extend healthcare insurance subsidies, set to expire at the end of the year.^[30] Trump publicly told Republicans not to “bother dealing with them”^[31] and to support Cole’s “clean” continuing resolution;^[32] additional funding for lawmakers after Charlie Kirk‘s death delayed the bill’s release.^[27] On September 16, Johnson released the spending bill without insurance subsidies, expecting Democrats to balk and cause a shutdown or to support a bill that retained the status quo, increasing health insurance premiums for Affordable Care Act recipients.^[33] Representatives Thomas Massie and Victoria Spartz and Senator Rand Paul, all fiscally conservative Republicans, opposed the bill over its spending additions and a narrow timeline for a larger appropriations bill.^[34]

Senator Lisa Murkowski, a moderate Republican, also initially opposed the bill because she believed it could not pass the Senate.^[35] Democrats opposed the bill^[36] and proposed a stiff counteroffer to increase health spending by US$1 trillion.^[37] The Republican plan passed the House on September 19 but failed in the Senate, with 44 voting in favor to 48 against. John Fetterman was the only Senate Democrat to vote for the plan, while two Republicans voted against it. The same day, the Democratic plan failed in the Senate on party lines, with a vote of 47 to 45.^[38]

Schumer and Jeffries requested a meeting with Trump after the votes failed.^[39] Trump abruptly canceled the meeting, calling their demands “unserious”,^[40] but met with the Democrats, joined by Johnson and Thune, in the Oval Office one day before the deadline;^[41] the meeting was Jeffries’s first with Trump and Trump’s first invitation of Democrats to the White House in his second term.^[41] The meeting failed to yield an agreement.

At 7:31 p.m. EDT, hours after the meeting, Trump posted an AI-generated video on Truth Social^[42] of Chuck Schumer (in a faux speech voice-over) denigrating immigrants and calling the Democrats “woke pieces of shit” to mock^[43] the Democratic base,^[44] with Jeffries at his side wearing a cartoonish sombrero and a handlebar mustache while the Mexican hat dance played in the background.^[b] The Republican messaging also included JD Vance averring that he believed a shutdown was imminent, with the Democrats to blame.^[50]

On September 30, 2025, hours before the shutdown began, the Senate voted again on the Democratic and Republican plans. The Democratic plan again failed on party lines (47 in favor, 53 against).^[51] All Republicans except Rand Paul, along with Democrats Catherine Cortez Masto and John Fetterman, as well as Angus King, an independent who caucuses with Democrats, voted for the plan, which thus failed 51–47. Despite receiving a majority of votes in the Senate, the Republican plan failed to pass because it could not overcome a 60-vote filibuster. After the votes, the Office of Management and Budget directed agencies to execute their shutdown plans.^[52]

Presidential use of rescissions

The president of the United States historically had the power to not spend funds that had been appropriated by Congress, a process known as impoundment of appropriated funds.^[53][54] In 1974, in response to president Richard Nixon‘s impoundment of tens of billions of dollars, Congress passed the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, which eliminated this unilateral authority.^[55][56] In its place, the Impoundment Control Act allows the president to propose impoundments as a rescission bill to Congress, which must approve the rescission within 45 days.^[57][58]

Use of rescissions had been dormant since Bill Clinton‘s presidency,^[59] but in early 2025 Trump’s Department of Government Efficiency made large cuts to appropriated parts of the federal government, including reducing foreign aid and public broadcasting.^[60] The Trump administration revived rescissions as a way to permanently codify DOGE’s cuts, proposing a rescissions bill to Congress^[61] that became law on July 24 as the Rescissions Act of 2025.^[62]

Trump’s use of rescissions became a major hurdle in budget negotiations: Chuck Schumer expressed a fear that anything the Democratic Party negotiated to include in a budget would be undone by rescission.^[63][64][65]

Further negotiations

After the shutdown began, Republicans began attempting to reach a deal. On November 9, a bipartisan agreement was negotiated by several senators.^[66]

Timeline of the shutdown

This is the 21st funding gap and 11th government shutdown in modern U.S. history, the third to occur during a Trump presidency, and the first to occur since the shutdown that lasted from December 2018 to January 2019 during the first Trump administration.^[10] Congressional activity centered on dueling Democratic and Republican proposals to end the shutdown. Until October 13, the Senate held continuous votes on the Democratic-led continuing resolution. It failed on party-line votes.^[67]

Since the government shutdown, the Senate has continuously held votes on the House-passed continuing resolution. The votes have failed mostly along party lines. Democratic Senators John Fetterman, Catherine Cortez Masto, and Angus King broke from their party to vote for the resolution. Republican Senator Rand Paul broke from his party to vote against the resolution.^[68][69][70]

The Republican-led House has stayed in recess during the entirety of the shutdown and has not held any votes.^[71] On October 20, Speaker Mike Johnson said the House was on 24-hour notice to return, if needed.^[72]

Date	Events
Wednesday, October 1	The federal government of the United States shut down at 12:01 a.m. EDT on October 1, 2025.[73][74] On October 1, during a third vote to end the shutdown, senators held preliminary negotiations on the Senate floor. They discussed shortening the length of the Republican planned continuing resolution to use that time to come to a more significant agreement. No agreement was made. Both versions failed, by votes of 55–45 and 47–53, respectively.[75] Senators of both parties called the preliminary negotiation a “productive discussion”.[76]
Thursday, October 2	On October 2, furloughed nonpartisan Department of Education staff alleged that their out-of-office email replies had been manipulated to blame Democrats for the shutdown. Historically, nonpartisan staff have followed a template for out-of-office responses during government shutdowns. The manipulated responses would be considered a violation of the Hatch Act.[77]
Monday, October 6	On October 6, Trump claimed talks were underway with Democrats, which Schumer said was not true.[78]
Wednesday, October 8	On October 8, Representative Jennifer Kiggans proposed legislation to pay members of the military during the shutdown and urged House leadership to pass the bill, which has over 140 co-sponsors. Johnson told reporters that the House would not vote again because it had already approved a continuing resolution through November 21.[79]
Tuesday, October 14	House Democrats returned to Washington in an effort to attempt to pressure Speaker Mike Johnson into reopening the House. The same day, the bill the House previously passed was rejected after failing to reach 60 Senate votes for the eighth time.[80]
Tuesday, October 21	President Trump and Senate Republicans met at the White House, with Trump stating that they would not “be extorted on this crazy plot of theirs”. Trump also told Senate Democratic Leader Chuck Schumer and House Democratic leader Hakeem Jeffries he would only meet with them after the shutdown ends.[81]
Wednesday, October 22	The shutdown officially became the second longest in United States history at 22 days.[81]
Thursday, October 23	The Senate voted on Senator Ron Johnson‘s Shutdown Fairness Act, which would provide pay for troops and “excepted employees” during the shutdown. Senator Chris Van Hollen introduced a similar bill that would cover pay for all federal employees.[82] Johnson’s bill received 54 votes, failing to meet the 60-vote filibuster threshold.[83]
Saturday, October 25
Monday, October 27	The Department of Agriculture announced that no SNAP benefits would be issued for November due to the shutdown.[86] The American Federation of Government Employees union issued a statement calling for Congress to pass a “clean continuing resolution”, saying that otherwise the shutdown would never end.[87][88] Speaker Johnson responded to critics of his continued shutdown of the House, saying that House Republicans were hard at work in their districts.[89]
Tuesday, October 28	Vice President Vance had a closed-door lunch with Senate Republicans at which they discussed the shutdown and decisions made by President Trump. After the lunch, Vance spoke to reporters, blaming Democrats for the shutdown and promising that service members would be paid.[90] Over two dozen states sued the Trump administration to reinstate SNAP benefits for November.[91]
Thursday, October 30	Senate Majority Leader John Thune told reporters that he was optimistic about increasing bipartisan conversations. Many senators pointed to concerns and deadlines such as SNAP benefits and military pay as reasons for the reported uptick.[92]
Friday, October 31	On Truth Social, Trump called for Republicans to end the filibuster rule, which requires 60 out of 100 senators to approve legislation, in an effort to end the shutdown.[93] A Rhode Island federal judge ruled that the USDA must distribute SNAP benefits to recipients as soon as possible, shortly after another federal judge ruled in another case that withholding SNAP benefits is illegal.[94] At a press conference, Secretary of Agriculture Brooke Rollins apologized to SNAP recipients, saying, “your government is failing you right now […] poverty is not red or blue.” Shortly after she spoke, Speaker Johnson took the podium and blamed the Democratic Party, saying, “when she says ‘We have failed you’, she means ‘We, the Democrats'”.[95][96]
Sunday, November 2	On 60 Minutes, President Trump said he “won’t be extorted” by the Democratic Party and echoed congressional Republicans by saying he would negotiate only when the government reopened.[97]
Tuesday, November 4	The shutdown entered its 35th day, tying the 2018–2019 shutdown in duration.[98] The Republican-backed stopgap measure failed to pass Congress for the 14th time.[99] During a press conference announcing planned measures of flight reduction due to staffing shortages caused by the shutdown Transportation Secretary Sean Duffy blamed Democrats for the mass delays, cancelations and closure of airspace.[100]
Wednesday, November 5	The shutdown entered its 36th day, becoming the longest shutdown in the history of the United States.[7]
Friday, November 7	Airlines began canceling flights to comply with an order by the Federal Aviation Administration to relieve pressure on air traffic controllers. The FAA ordered that airlines cut 4% of flights and ramp up to 10% by November 14.[101] The Trump administration appealed a district court order to pay SNAP benefits in full.[102] The Supreme Court agreed to block the order until the 1st Circuit issued a ruling.[103] Republicans in the Senate rejected a Democratic proposal to reopen the government that would have temporarily maintained Affordable Care Act subsidies for a year.[104] At least nine states issued November SNAP benefits, including California, Wisconsin, Kansas, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Vermont.[103]
Saturday, November 8	The USDA warned states they could only distribute partial SNAP benefits and that the federal government would pull funding from states that distributed full benefits.[105]
Sunday, November 9	Reports emerged of a potential deal to end the shutdown. The bill reportedly had “more than enough” support from members of the Senate Democratic Caucus to advance, with Senate Republicans expected to vote in affirmation as well. The Senate would make use of an earlier stopgap bill passed by the House of Representatives to develop a broader deal.[106] The deal would include a continuing resolution that would fund the government until January, and full-year appropriations bills for military construction and veterans affairs, the legislative branch, and the Department of Agriculture. The full-year bills include $203.5 million to fund security for members of congress, and $852 million for US Capitol Police. The deal also guarantees a vote in the Senate to extend Affordable Care Act subsidies. The continuing resolution would need to pass both the House and the Senate, and be signed into law by the President, before the government shutdown could end.[107] The bill guarantees that federal employees who faced lay-offs during the shutdown be rehired and granted backpay. It would additionally bar the Office of Management and Budget from implementing mass layoffs of federal workers until January 30.[106][108] House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries stated that House Democrats would not support any measure which did not guarantee an extension of Affordable Care Act subsidies. Democrats do not possess the votes in the House to defeat the measure, assuming all House Republicans vote for it, in the event that it passes the Senate.[109][110]

Effects

On employees

Furloughed workers

This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Depending on the passage of an agreement this evening, the data listed here will need to be finalized. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2025)

An estimated 900,000 federal workers are expected to be furloughed, and an additional 700,000 may work without pay, according to the Partnership for Public Service.^[111] The Department of Agriculture intends to lay off workers.^[112] On October 8, the Internal Revenue Service announced furloughs for 34,000 employees, about 50% of its staff.^[79][113]

Expected agency furloughs^{[114][115][116]}

Agency	Employees	Furloughs	Percent
Environmental Protection Agency	15,166	13,432	89%
Department of Education	2,447	2,117	87%
Department of Commerce	42,984	34,711	81%
Department of Labor	12,916	9,775	76%
Department of Housing and Urban Development	6,105	4,359	71%
Department of State	26,995	16,651	62%
Department of Energy	13,812	8,105	59%
Internal Revenue Service	74,299	34,429	54%
Department of the Interior	58,619	30,996	53%
Department of Agriculture	85,907	42,256	49%
Department of Defense[c]	741,477	334,904	45%
Department of Health and Human Services	79,717	32,460	41%
General Services Administration	10,777	3,880	36%
Small Business Administration	6,201	1,456	23%
Department of Transportation	53,717	12,213	23%
Social Security Administration	51,825	6,197	12%
Department of Justice	115,131	12,480	11%
Office of Personnel Management	2,007	210	10%
Department of Homeland Security	271,927	14,184	5%
Department of Veterans Affairs	461,499	14,874	3%
Department of Treasury	81,165	1,736	2%

Pay status

Members of Congress are guaranteed pay during government shutdowns due to a permanent appropriation passed in 1983, allowing their pay to not be renewed annually compared to other departments. The average member is paid an annual salary of US$174,000, with the Speaker of the House earning US$223,500 and both party leaders in each chambers and the president pro tempore of the Senate earning US$193,400. Previous shutdowns required Congress to approve back pay for employees, but a 2019 law made it mandatory, except for contractors not included in the law.^[117]

According to a Bipartisan Policy Center review of the shutdown, about 830,000 federal workers have been continuously paid during the shutdown, while over 1 million are going unpaid. Senate staffers were told on October 17 that they would not receive a paycheck on October 20 or for the rest of the shutdown. The judicial branch also announced that they had run out of funding to cover full operations.^[118]

During an October 7 meeting with reporters, Speaker Johnson said he supported back pay for government workers. A draft memo from the Office of Management and Budget reported by Axios floated the idea of not back paying workers after the shutdown ended.^[119] An updated version of the memo suggested that either the Government Employee Fair Treatment Act had been misinterpreted or the language is deficient. The memo indicates that Congress is responsible for providing the back pay by including it in any bill passed to fund the government.^[120][121]

About two weeks into the shutdown, Business Insider reported that many federal workers and members of the military were already dipping into savings and concerned about covering basic needs and medical costs.^[122] Civilian employees of the Department of Defense grew frustrated about pay status and treatment compared to military members by early November 2025, as nearly half of the civilian employees at the Pentagon were veterans as of 2021. Some veteran civilian employees indicated that they felt disrespected and were looking to leave federal work after working years or decades at the Defense Department. Others note concerns with US national security as personal debt and financial concerns are key questions in the security-clearance process.^[123]

Elected officials

Adelita Grijalva was elected to represent Arizona’s 7th congressional district in a special election on September 23, after the death of the previous representative, her father Raúl Grijalva. As of November 3, Grijalva has not been sworn in to the House of Representatives. Speaker Mike Johnson has blamed the delay on the government shutdown, saying that it was “standard practice” to “schedule a swearing in for the Representative-elect when the House returns to session.”^[124] But Johnson, who has canceled 14 scheduled legislative sessions since Grijalva’s election, has sworn in other lawmakers out of session, including two Republican special election winners, Jimmy Patronis and Randy Fine, both of Florida. Johnson has been accused by both sides of the aisle of trying to avoid a vote to compel the release of files from the Justice Department’s investigation into convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein.^[125]

On military

Military personnel are still on active duty despite the shutdown but they will not receive orders from their commanders except in an emergency. Veterans’ benefits and military operations are also funded, but not military and civilian workers.^[126]

Due to the Government Employee Fair Treatment Act of 2019, which was passed after the 2018–2019 government shutdown, federal employees and military Armed Forces are ensured back pay after the shutdown ends.^[111] While speaking with reporters on October 8, Speaker Johnson said he was not open to moving forward a bill to pay troops if the shutdown continued into the next week. Without the passing of such a bill, military service members would miss a paycheck, something that has not happened during modern times.^[127]

On October 11, Trump directed Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth to pay service members using funds previously earmarked for other projects. A Department of Defense official later said that $8 billion of unobligated research and development funds would be used to pay military personnel. The Director of Budget and Entitlement Policy at the Cato Institute has raised concerns about the broad reach and legality of the directive.^[128]

In mid-October, Vice President JD Vance told US Marines that Trump would do “everything he can” to ensure that military personnel continue to receive their salaries despite the shutdown.^[129] On October 24, the Pentagon announced it would accept a private US$130 million donation to help pay military personnel.^[130][84] Ethics concerns were raised about the decision to accept the gift, with many saying the donation may violate the Antideficiency Act, which bars federal agencies from spending funds not appropriated by Congress. The New York Times also reported on October 26 that the private donor was Timothy Mellon, a longtime Trump donor who gave US$50 million to Trump’s super PAC during his 2024 election campaign.^[85]

On October 22, the German Finance Ministry announced that they would take over the payment of some 11,000 local employees stationed at US military bases in Germany and was anticipating being reimbursed by the United States government.^[131] The Fort Leavenworth Installation Warrior Restaurant closed due to the shutdown per a notice from base officials Facebook post, the restaurant is the only dining facility or DFAC on the base where most junior enlisted soldiers are able to eat if they cannot leave the base.^[132]

Use of food banks

A little over a week into the shutdown, Time reported an increase in military members and families relying on food pantries, as service members’ spouses are usually either unemployed due to frequent relocation or also employed by the federal government. A military-based food pantry in Kansas saw a 300% increase in traffic, while the Armed Service YMCA, a military nonprofit, saw a 30% increase in food requests across all locations and a 34% increase at its location in Killeen, Texas.^[133]

In early November 2025, directives posted to the U.S. Army Garrison Bavaria website were swiftly taken down after being reported on. The directives stated that the team would continue to provide services for those working and living in the community while also providing a running list of German support organizations such as Essen für Alle (Food for All), Foodsharin e.V., Tafel Deutschland and Too Good To Go.^[134]

On Native Americans

The federal shutdown has varied effects on Native Americans and the tribal nations. Those with casinos, oil and gas leases, or other forms of independent revenue report that they believe they can operate for several months, while others more dependent on government funding and assistance were more concerned. Others raised concerns that the Trump administration would act on earlier calls by Trump and Elon Musk for the General Services Administration to terminate leases held by the Bureau of Indian Affairs and other offices or terminate employees.^[135]

Shortly after the shutdown was announced, the Navajo Nation announced that it would continue to offer essential services to members.^[136] During an October 29 meeting of the Senate Indian Affairs Committee, tribal representatives reported the difficulties of covering the costs of necessities such as heating, food, and education. National Indian Education Association president Kerry Bird said most of her staff had been furloughed and spoke of her concerns about the freeze on Education Department grants.^[137]

Economics

The Department of Labor and the Department of Commerce were to suspend economic data releases for the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Census Bureau.^[138] The Office of the Trade Representative remained open.^[139] Ahead of the shutdown, the United States dollar and Treasury securities fell.^[140]

Concern was voiced about the shutdown and its effects on the Federal Reserve‘s October 29 decision about the next interest rate, as key reports were not being generated. Additional concern was raised about the potential reduction of the annualized real gross domestic product growth for the fourth quarter, as it was projected at 0.1%,^[141] though much of that could be recouped, as has happened after previous shutdowns. But if Trump dismisses workers, rather than temporarily putting them on furlough—or does not pay many of them—the impact could be more substantial.^[142] On October 6, National Economic Council Director Kevin Hassett told reporters that each week of the shutdown could cost the U.S. economy about $15 billion.^[143]

Education

A contingency plan was created for the Department of Education after 95% of its staff was furloughed, apart from the Federal Student Aid Office. Services such as student aid disbursements, funding for Title 1 schools, and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act continue during the shutdown. Schools receiving Impact Aid, such as those on military bases or Native American reservations, are affected as they are primarily funded by the federal government, not state or local taxes.^[144] On October 11, it was reported that the Department of Education had dismissed nearly everyone in the Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services in a wave of mass layoffs during the shutdown.^[145]

The shutdown confused college students and their families, who were unsure if they could complete the FAFSA and receive federal aid. Federal aid and the FAFSA are not affected by the shutdown and many colleges and universities issued statements to that effect.^[146][147] Some higher education institutions and research associations issued guidance about the shutdown’s impact. The National Institutes of Health said that while many researchers can still draw from its funds, there are some restrictive terms and conditions.^[148] Some universities paused tuition payments for students affected by the shutdown, such as the more than 75,000 college and trade school students who are dependents and survivors of former military members.^[149][150]

The government shutdown affected the Head Start program, an early education program that serves children under six. The Department of Health and Human Services said that more than 58,600 children in 134 Head Start centers in 41 states and Puerto Rico would not receive grants on November 1 if the shutdown continued. The program’s funding had already been affected, as the Trump administration mistakenly froze grants in January 2025.^[151]

Food

Food and Drug Administration commissioner Marty Makary told employees that the agency was exempt from shutdown cuts.^[153]

As of early November, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) program was distributing benefits normally, as a US$450 million funding source had been found.^[154] Before the shutdown began, WIC funding had been expected to run out after two weeks, but a week into the shutdown, the USDA distributed money from the 2024 fiscal year to cover some access in some states.^[155][111] WIC served about 6.7 million people monthly during the 2024 fiscal year, including about 41% of all infants in the country.^[156]

Payments from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) were delayed^[157] and halved.^[158] In October, states began to notify SNAP recipients that benefits would pause,^[159][160] and on October 27, the USDA announced that no benefits would be issued on November 1, also blaming the shutdown on the Democratic Party.^[86] On November 3, after lawsuits against the administration, the USDA said it would send SNAP recipients half the funds it would have otherwise sent them for November.^[158] According to the Center on Budgets and Policy Priorities, the USDA has about US$5 billion in SNAP contingency funding, or about 60% of a month in benefits. More than 41 million people participate in the program. Most recipients in 2023 were aged 18 to 59; children were about 39%. The average monthly assistance per person in 2025 was $190.59, with a household averaging $356.41.^{[156][161][162]}

The decision left the program’s funding uncertain for approximately 43 million Americans who receive SNAP benefits. Several states, including California and New York, announced temporary funding measures to maintain payments during the shutdown.^[163][164]

During the shutdown, food bank nonprofit organizations in Washington, D.C., and nationwide, such as Stronghold Food Pantry, Feeding America, and Capital Area Food Bank, reported extended queues at food banks in the D.C. area, Virginia, and Maryland, where many federal workers live.^[165][166] After many states announced that SNAP and WIC benefits would not be issued for November, many food banks began to prepare for an influx of people set to lose the benefits.^{[167][11][13]} Virginia Governor Glenn Youngkin announced the Virginia Emergency Nutrition Assistance (VENA) initiative to offset the loss of federal funding for SNAP.^[168] Maryland Governor Wes Moore announced the release of $62 million in funding to offset the loss of November federal funding for SNAP.^[169]

The National School Lunch Program (NSLP), which provides low-cost or free school lunches to children, provided more then 4.8 billion lunches in 2024.^[156] This program is not expected to be affected by the shutdown,^[170] but Diane Pratt-Heavner of the School Nutrition Association said that some state agencies have reported that they lack the funds to reimburse schools for providing the lunches. The USDA reportedly released funding for the program in October 2025, but in early October some states reported that they had yet to receive the funds.^[171]

Resulting lawsuits

On October 28, over two dozen states sued the Trump administration in Massachusetts v. USDA after the USDA announced that no SNAP benefits would be disbursed to recipients on November 1. The states requested that the presiding judge force the administration to maintain the benefits.^[91][172]

Massachusetts v. USDA
Court	District of Massachusetts
Full case name	Massachusetts, California, Arizona, Minnesota, Connecticut, Colorado, Delaware, District of Columbia, Hawai’i, Illinois, Governor Laura Kelly, Office of Governor Andy Beshear, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, State of New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Governor Josh Shapiro, Rhode Island, Vermont, State of Washington, Wisconsin v. United States Department of Agriculture, Secretary Brooke Rollins, Director Russell Vought[173]
Started	October 28, 2025
Docket nos.	1:25-cv-13165[174]
Ongoing
Judge sitting	Indira Talwani

On October 31, it was reported that Rhode Island federal judge John J. McConnell Jr. had ruled in Rhode Island State Council of Churches v. Rollins that the USDA must distribute SNAP benefits to recipients as soon as possible. McConnell referenced the US$6 billion in contingency funds.^[94] Federal judge Indira Talwani gave the Trump administration a November 3 deadline to respond to her about authorizing at least partial SNAP benefits for November.^[175][172]

Trump said his administration’s lawyers are unsure the administration has the authority to pay for SNAP during the shutdown.^[178] On October 31, Trump posted, “If we are given the appropriate legal direction by the Court, it will BE MY HONOR to provide the funding, just like I did with Military and Law Enforcement Pay.” In the post he also blamed the Democratic Party for the shutdown.^[178][179] On CNN’s State of the Union, Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said the administration would follow the ruling and suggested that the benefits could restart by November 5.^[175]

Legal challenges arose following the USDA’s announcement to suspend full Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits for November. A federal district court initially ordered the Trump administration to continue full benefit payments; however, this order was temporarily stayed by Justic Jackson after the government filed an appeal.^[180]

Health care and insurance

The shutdown will not affect Medicare and Medicaid, though certain services, such as Medicare card procurement, may shut down.^[162] The health insurance marketplace and Food and Drug Administration drug approvals will also continue.^[181] The Department of Health and Human Services, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services intend to furlough much of their staff, with some retention at the FDA;^[181] the National Institutes of Health will retain only a quarter of its staff, preventing it from issuing grant peer reviews, conducting advisory council meetings, and performing basic research. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention‘s communications operations will be affected.^[181]

On October 23, it was reported that many people who obtain health insurance under the ACA had begun to see premium prices rise after open enrollment began on October 15 without any of the federal subsidies that formerly lowered consumer costs.^[182][183]

Judiciary and law enforcement

Speaking with reporters the Supreme Court public information officer Patricia McCabe, stated that the Supreme Court expected to run out of funding by October 18. McCabe indicated that the Supreme Court would be closed to the public, but the court would continue to operate on official business such as hearing oral arguments, issuing orders, and other ventures. The Administrative Office of the US Courts stated a similar timeline with funding expected to dry up by October 20, for federal courts.^[184] Several federal district courts announced that they would begin operating on modified schedules such as limiting employees who work specific days or closing entirely for others to handle the changes to their budgets.^[185]

NASA

According to a September 29 shutdown plan released by NASA, 15,094 NASA civil servants have been furloughed, while 3,124 have been classified as exempted and continue working. The exempted workers include those needed for the operations of the International Space Station, those operating active satellite missions, and those working on the Artemis program. The shutdown will not affect preparations for the Artemis II crewed mission around the Moon, currently scheduled for February 2026.^[186][187]

National parks and capital museums

According to a September 30 contingency plan by the Department of Interior, all national parks were to be left partially open during the shutdown, but any buildings that required staffing, such as visitor centers or sites such as the Washington Monument, would be closed to the public, with only restrooms open and trash collected as normal. Park roads, lookouts, trails and open-air memorials are expected to stay open with limited emergency services available to visitors. The plan is similar to the one adopted during the 2018–2019 government shutdown.^[188][189]

Some states, such as West Virginia, have used state funding to keep their national parks open during the shutdown.^[190] In some areas, guide services are seeing an influx of business as visitors are using the service as a stand-in for park rangers and workers. Additionally, private museums are seeing a boost in visitors because national parks and museums are closed, with the Mount Vernon estate reporting a 50% increase in visitors during the first two weeks of October.^[191]

Conservationists, the National Parks Conservation Association, and the National Park Service have all issued warnings to the public to use caution or not to visit national parks during the shutdown due to concern about skeleton staffing making it difficult to assist in an emergency. Additional concern was raised about the mass layoffs shortly after Trump took office, which made many parks already short-staffed before the shutdown.^[192] Locals, furloughed workers, and local organizations have worked together during the shutdown to keep national parks clean and well kept.^[191]

Technology

Suspension of non-essential functions of the Federal Communications Commission caused product delays for devices that emit radio frequencies, affecting the release of new cameras, speakers, and controllers.^[193]

Travel

The Transportation Security Administration, Amtrak, ships, and cruises continue to function despite the shutdown.^[194][195] 95% of TSA employees are required to work during the shutdown.^[196]

Air travel still functions, but air traffic controller hiring, field training of air traffic controllers, facility security inspections and law enforcement assistance support are stopped.^[126] Beginning on October 6, staffing shortages led to flight delays at various airports.^[197] On October 7, it was reported that cities such as Nashville, Dallas, Chicago, and Newark were seeing high levels of delays due to the air traffic controller shortage. The Hollywood Burbank Airport control tower was unstaffed for nearly six hours and then remotely managed due to shortages.^[198] By October 8, airport staffing shortages led to delays reported at Boston, Burbank, Chicago, Denver, Houston, Las Vegas, Nashville, Newark, Orlando, Philadelphia, Phoenix, and Washington.^[197]

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Kristi_Noem_TSA_video_on_the_2025_government_shutdown.webm/Kristi_Noem_TSA_video_on_the_2025_government_shutdown.webm.480p.vp9.webm

On October 15, it was reported that multiple airports were rejecting the use of a video provided by Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem that blames Democrats for the shutdown and the resulting impact on TSA operations. Many airports reject the use of the video on the grounds that it violates their policies and regulations prohibiting political messaging at the airport, with some experts raising concerns about violations of the Hatch Act.^[196][199]

On November 4, Transportation Secretary Sean Duffy said that the DOT and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) would begin to reduce flights at dozens of major airports and closing sections of airspace due to staffing shortages beginning Friday, November 7, if the shutdown does not end.^[100][200] The next day, November 5, Duffy announced that forty different airports, included in the “Core 30″ high traffic airports, would cut airspace capacity 10% starting November 7.^[201] Prior to Duffy’s announcement, staffing shortages over the weekend of November 1-2 had lead to major delays and concerns about potential widespread travel chaos as the shutdown continues. Reporters from NPR spoke with some air traffic controllers during the week of November 3-7, who stated that morale was low even prior to the shutdown, with resentment at mandatory overtime and stagnating wages due to longstanding staffing issues.^[202] By November 9, more than 2,500 flights had been cancelled nationwide after the FAA’s flight reduction order.^[203] On November 7, the Federal Aviation Administration announced that air traffic controllers have implemented measures to decrease air traffic by 10 percent in 40 “high-volume” markets as a result of the government shutdown. The FAA oversees more than 44,000 flights daily, which encompass commercial passenger flights, cargo aircraft, and private jets. Since the shutdown commenced on October 1, air traffic controllers have been performing their duties without compensation, in addition to fulfilling mandatory overtime requirements.^[204]

Mass layoffs

On September 24, the Office of Management and Budget instructed federal agency heads to prepare reduction-in-force plans to be executed if the government were to shut down, reducing the government workforce permanently instead of temporarily furloughing staff.^[205] If conducted, such layoffs could have drastic and far-reaching consequences, especially in land management and environmental agencies.^[206] Democratic Congressional leaders Chuck Schumer and Hakeem Jeffries called it “intimidation“.^[207] One former OMB official and Congressman, James Walkinshaw, questioned whether preparing or conducting a reduction in force during a shutdown would be legal, but as the practice is unprecedented, an executive at the Partnership for Public Service could not predict how it would play out.^[208]

On September 30, Trump told reporters that he was in favor of mass layoffs, saying, “We’d be laying off a lot of people that are going to be very affected, they’re going to be Democrats” and “We can get rid of a lot of things that we didn’t want.”^[209]

Impacted

On October 1, the Trump administration dismissed all but four members of the National Council on the Humanities.^[210] Layoff notices were issued that day for 126 workers at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.^[211][212]

On October 10, over 4,100 federal workers were notified that they would be laid off. The Department of the Treasury had the most layoffs, with 1,446.^[212][213] Layoffs at the Department of Homeland Security included ones at the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency.^[214] Other departments affected were Commerce, Education, Energy, and Housing and Urban Development, as well as the Environmental Protection Agency.^{[212][213][214]}

The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) had the second-most layoffs, about 1,100. Nearly all of these were at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, including many in infectious disease programs, which had been largely spared in the April 2025 HHS layoffs. Other affected programs included the Laboratory Leadership Service and CDC Library, as well as leadership from several CDC components.^[d] The Washington Office was reported to be completely closed.^[217] Some layoff notices were reversed the next day after reportedly having been in error, including the entire staff of Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,^[216] recent cohorts of the Epidemic Intelligence Service, Ebola response personnel, and Global Health Center leadership.^[218] About 700 employees were reinstated to their positions on October 11.^[219]

Lawsuit

AFGE v. OMB
Court	Northern District of California
Full case name	American Federation of Government Employees v. U.S. Office of Management and Budget
Started	September 30, 2025
Docket nos.	3:25-cv-08302
Prior action	Motion for temporary restraining order granted[220]
Ongoing
Judge sitting	Susan Yvonne Illston

On September 30, the American Federation of Government Employees and the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees sued in the federal District Court for the Northern District of California, seeking to prevent these mass layoffs. The labor unions alleged that any mass layoffs during the shutdown would be illegal, because the staff that would carry out the dismissals would be prevented from working due to the Antideficiency Act.^[221]

On October 15, U.S. District Judge Susan Illston issued a restraining order against the Trump administration after siding with the two unions. The order is to be used to stop the government from issuing any reduction-in-force notices and her decision included instructions not to enforce any notices already sent to any of the agencies that have employees the unions represent.^[222]

On October 17, it was reported that the Trump administration had paused work on only a small number of those who were laid off to comply with Illston’s order. The pause affected 465 Education Department employees, 102 Census Bureau employees, and more than 400 Department of Housing and Urban Development employees.^[223]

Responses

Republicans

Several Republican officials and organizations, including President Donald Trump, Vice President JD Vance, the Senate Republican Conference, and Speaker of the House Mike Johnson, falsely accused Democrats of demanding free health care for undocumented immigrants, to whom the Affordable Care Act does not apply. This is based on Republican claims that there has been widespread fraud in Affordable Care Act enrollment.^[224] Independent reporters, analysts, and oversight bodies have disputed those claims or not substantiated them at their reported scale.^[e]

Most House representatives have left the Capitol, at the direction of Mike Johnson. Representative Kevin Kiley of California has continued to work at the Capitol in an effort to end the shutdown. Kiley told reporters that he was looking for “any and all constructive conversations” to end the shutdown, saying, “Clearly, it’s not working…Sometimes you have to work with people who have a different position in order to find common ground.”^[231]

Trump administration

After the unsuccessful back-to-back votes, Trump told reporters that Democrats in the Senate “want to shut down the country”, except John Fetterman, who voted for the Republican spending bill.^[232] After his meeting with Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer and House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries, Trump posted a controversial deepfake, AI-generated video of Schumer and Jeffries with fabricated audio of Schumer saying that Democrats “have no voters anymore, because of our woke, trans bullshit” and “if we give all these illegal aliens health care, we might be able to get them on our side so they can vote for us.”^[49] In an interview with Politico‘s Dasha Burns, Trump called Democrats “deranged”.^[233]

Before and during the shutdown, government websites and emails blamed Democrats or “the radical left” for it; actions ethics experts said were likely illegal.^[234][209] Hours before the shutdown was set to begin, the Department of Housing and Urban Development‘s website warned, in a pop-up and a red banner, that the “radical left” would hurt the United States,^[235][236] and Department of Health and Human Services encouraged its employees to set out-of-office email messages blaming the Democratic Party for the shutdown;^[237] this elicited concerns that both websites were violating the Hatch Act.^{[235][236][237]} In a statement, the department said: “Employees were instructed to use out-of-office messages that reflect the truth: Democrats have shut the government down.”^[238] At the Department of Education, employees’ out-of-office messages were forcibly changed to political ones and they were unable to remove the partisan messaging:^[239]

Thank you for contacting me. On September 19, 2025, the House of Representatives passed HR 5371, a clean continuing resolution. Unfortunately, Democrat Senators are blocking passage of HR 5371 in the Senate which has led to a lapse in appropriations. Due to the lapse in appropriations I am currently in furlough status. I will respond to emails once government functions resume.

Watchdog group Public Citizen filed a Hatch Act complaint against Small Business Administration (SBA) administrator Kelly Loeffler and Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) head Scott Turner, alleging the messages constituted electioneering while on duty.^[240][238]

Trump posted that the shutdown was an “unprecedented opportunity” and that he would meet “with Russ Vought, he of Project 2025 Fame, to determine which of the many Democrat Agencies, most of which are a political SCAM, he recommends to be cut”.^[241][242] During the shutdown, the administration halted billions in approved funding largely going to states that had voted for Kamala Harris in the 2024 presidential election, including $20 billion for public transport in New York City and Chicago.^[f]

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)’s notice later included claims that the shutdown was being perpetuated by Senate Democrats that “[continued] to hold out for healthcare for illegal aliens and gender mutilation procedures”, the latter stemming from the ongoing scapegoating of transgender rights in the United States by the administration.^[248][249]

Democrats

Democrats proposed a constant livestream to discuss the shutdown.^[250] The night before the shutdown, many politicians, including Representative Sarah McBride and Senator Andy Kim, posted on social media and told the media that their Republican counterparts were not in the Capitol to vote on the budget.^[251][252] Representative Robert Garcia said the messages placed on government agency websites blaming Democrats for the shutdown violated the Hatch Act.^[238] Senator Bernie Sanders and Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez held a town hall on CNN to discuss the shutdown.^[253][254]

Former government officials

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/Mike_Johnson_remarks_on_Government_Shutdown_%28October_1%2C_2025%29_X.webm/Mike_Johnson_remarks_on_Government_Shutdown_%28October_1%2C_2025%29_X.webm.480p.vp9.webm

In a letter to Secretary of the Interior Doug Burgum, over 35 former park superintendents urged the parks managed by the National Park Service to close to avoid damage by unsupervised visitors.^[255]

Public opinion

Pre-shutdown

A poll conducted by Data for Progress from September 5 to 7 asked likely voters whom they would blame for a potential shutdown at the end of the month. 27% of respondents thought Republicans in Congress would be responsible, 32% expected to blame Trump personally, and 34% placed the blame on Democrats in Congress.^[257] Two days before the shutdown, a poll by Morning Consult indicated 45% of voters said they would blame Republicans and 32% said they would blame Democrats.^[258]

In a September 22 to 27 poll by The New York Times and Siena University, 26% of respondents blamed the Trump and Republican Party for the shutdown, compared to 19% who blamed the Democratic Party and 33% who blamed both parties.^[259] Another question asked whether Democrats should shut down the government if their demands were not met; 27% of respondents said yes and 65% no.^[260]

In a September 30 poll by NPR, 38% of respondents blamed the Republican Party for the shutdown, compared to 27% who blamed the Democratic Party, 31% who blamed both parties, and 1% who blamed neither. Another NPR poll conducted days earlier, which controlled for political affiliation, indicated that while Democrats and Republicans were more likely to blame each other for a hypothetical shutdown, independent voters were most likely to blame both.^[261]

In a poll conducted by KFF from September 23 to 29, 78% of respondents supported extending Affordable Care Act tax credits and 61% of respondents had heard little or nothing about the expiring subsidies.^[262][263]

During the shutdown

An October 1 poll from The Washington Post indicated that 47% of respondents believed that Trump and Republicans in Congress were mainly responsible for the shutdown, compared to the 30% who blamed Democrats in Congress. This was consistent with polls regarding past shutdowns in the last 30 years, including the month-long shutdown during the first Trump presidency: according to polls, public opinion blamed Republicans more than Democrats with a difference of +10% or higher for every shutdown since 1995.^[264]

An October 1–2 Harvard CAPS/Harris poll showed 65% of respondents felt the Democrats should accept a continuing resolution at current spending levels, but the same poll showed 53% of respondents blamed Republicans.^[265]

An October 1–3 CBS News poll via YouGov asked a multitude of questions. 39% of respondents blamed Trump and Republicans for the shutdown, compared to the 30% who blamed Democrats and 31% who blamed both parties equally. Respondents felt that Trump, Republicans, and Democrats were handling the shutdown poorly at 52%, 52%, and 49%, respectively.^[266]

An October 2–7 Reuters/IPSOS poll found that 67% of respondents said that Republicans deserved a fair amount of the blame for the shutdown, compared to 63% who blamed Democrats. About 63% of respondents said that Trump deserved a fair amount of blame.^[267]

An October 9–13 AP–NORC poll found that nine in ten adults felt the federal shutdown was at least a “minor” problem. Democrats were more concerned, with 69% saying the shutdown was a major problem compared to 37% of Republicans. Over half the respondents, 58%, blamed the shutdown on both Trump and the Republicans, with Congressional Democrats blamed by 54%.^[268]

An October 24–28 Washington Post–ABC News-IPSOS poll found that more than 4 in 10 U.S. adults, about 45%, hold Trump and Republicans primarily responsible for the shutdown. Blame for the Democrats has grown from 30% when the shutdown began to 33% in the most recent poll. Three out of four of U.S. adults said they were “very” or “somewhat” concerned about the shutdown; the figure was 87% among self-described liberals and 62% among self-described conservatives.^[269]

A November 7 YouGov poll found similar shares of Americans blaming both parties, with 32% blaming Democrats in Congress, 35% blaming Republicans, and 28% blaming both parties equally.^[270]

Operational criticism

When the Trump administration rolled out spending freezes across the entire federal government, fiscal and monetary analyst Nathan Tankus commented that the freeze was “the most dramatic event ever” in the annals of constitutional law on fiscal policy in the U.S., arguing that the Oval Office’s pertinent executive orders essentially give the president “far greater control” over Congress’s authority to spend.^[271]

Tankus delineated the “extremely unique” legal architecture of the U.S. government. In countries with a parliamentary system, the government can “fall apart” or even lose its mandate to govern if its parliament cannot pass a budget.^[272] In the U.S., tax revenue typically goes into the general fund,^[273] an accounting fact that does not mean the government spends any additional money. Tankus concludes that, while the Trump administration has been “circumspect and legalistic” about spending without appropriations, it has also been “brazen” in ignoring congressional orders to spend.^[272]

Political impact

The political impact of the shutdown have benefited the Democrats with polling showing a majority blaming Republicans for the shutdown and supporting an extension of the ACA.^[274] The effects include landslide victories in the 2025 Virginia House of Delegates election and the 2025 Virginia gubernatorial election the largest Democratic victory since 1961,^[275] as well as the 2025 New Jersey gubernatorial election, as well as local electoral victories in Pennsylvania, Mississippi, and Georgia.^[276][277]

Notes

References

External links