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== Classification == |
== Classification == |
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A 2011 molecular phylogeny found ”Alipes” to be related to ”[[Ethmostigmus]]” and Indian species of ”[[Rhysida]]” in the tribe [[Otostigmini]], with an estimated divergence time of 109 [[million years ago|mya]].{{sfn|Joshi|Karanth|2011|p=291–293}} A later 2018 study found weak support for a basal position in [[Otostigminae]], with [[Bayesian inference in phylogeny|Bayesian inference]] placing it as sister to ”Parotostigmus”, determined to be separate from the rest of ”[[Otostigmus]]”, and [[maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree|maximum likelihood]] placing it as the earliest diverging member of the subfamily before ”Parotostigmus”.{{sfn|Siriwut|Edgecombe|Sutcharit|Tongkerd|2018|p=1011–1013}} The relationship between ”Alipes” and ”Parotostigmus” was described to be consistent with a 2014 morphological-molecular phylogeny, although the authors remarked that relevant genetic material was still scarce.{{sfn|Siriwut|Edgecombe|Sutcharit|Tongkerd|2018|p= |
A 2011 molecular phylogeny found ”Alipes” to be related to ”[[Ethmostigmus]]” and Indian species of ”[[Rhysida]]” in the tribe [[Otostigmini]], with an estimated divergence time of 109 [[million years ago|mya]].{{sfn|Joshi|Karanth|2011|p=291–293}} A later 2018 study found weak support for a basal position in [[Otostigminae]], with [[Bayesian inference in phylogeny|Bayesian inference]] placing it as sister to ”Parotostigmus”, determined to be separate from the rest of ”[[Otostigmus]]”, and [[maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree|maximum likelihood]] placing it as the earliest diverging member of the subfamily before ”Parotostigmus”.{{sfn|Siriwut|Edgecombe|Sutcharit|Tongkerd|2018|p=1011–1013}} The relationship between ”Alipes” and ”Parotostigmus” was described to be consistent with a 2014 morphological-molecular phylogeny, although the authors remarked that relevant genetic material was still scarce.{{sfn|Siriwut|Edgecombe|Sutcharit|Tongkerd|2018|p=}}{{sfn|Vahtera|Edgecombe|2014|p=3}} |
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== Species == |
== Species == |
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Latest revision as of 14:21, 14 January 2026
Genus of centipedes
Alipes is a genus of bark centipedes in the family Scolopendridae, found in Africa.[2][3][4]
Species of Alipes are characterized by having their last pair of legs, or ultimate legs, modified into leaf-like structures. To deter predators, individuals can swing their ultimate legs as a display mechanism, or produce a hissing noise through stridulation. Autotomy is also possible as a means of escape, and the ultimate legs will continue stridulating after detaching.
Unlike in many other scolopendrids, the ultimate legs lack spines on the prefemur and coxopleural process, the latter of which is reduced. In males, a sexually dimorphic cylindrical process is present on the inner side of the prefemur.
A 2011 molecular phylogeny found Alipes to be related to Ethmostigmus and Indian species of Rhysida in the tribe Otostigmini, with an estimated divergence time of 109 mya. A later 2018 study found weak support for a basal position in Otostigminae, with Bayesian inference placing it as sister to the primarily New World subgenus Parotostigmus, determined to be separate from the rest of Otostigmus, and maximum likelihood placing it as the earliest diverging member of the subfamily before Parotostigmus. The relationship between Alipes and Parotostigmus was described to be consistent with a 2014 morphological-molecular phylogeny, although the authors remarked that relevant genetic material was still scarce.
These seven species belong to the genus Alipes:[2][3][4]
- Alipes appendiculatus Pocock, 1896 (Africa, Malawi, and Mozambique)
- Alipes calcipes Cook, 1897 (Africa, Angola, and Zimbabwe)
- Alipes crotalus (Gerstaecker, 1854) (Africa, Mozambique, South Africa, and Uganda)
- Alipes grandidieri Lucas, 1864 (Africa, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda)
- Alipes madecassus Saussure & Zehntner, 1902 (Africa)
- Alipes madegassus Saussure & Zehntner, 1902 (Madagascar)
- Alipes multicostis Imhoff, 1854 (Africa, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Rwanda, and Sierra Leone)
- ^ a b Bonato, Lucio; Chagas Junior, Amazonas; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Lewis, John G. E.; Minelli, Alessandro; Pereira, Luis A.; Shelley, Rowland M.; Stoev, Pavel; Zapparoli, Marzio (2016). “Alipes Imhoff, 1854″. ChiloBase 2.0 – A World Catalogue of Centipedes (Chilopoda). Retrieved 26 November 2024.
- ^ a b “Alipes Report”. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2022-11-28.
- ^ a b “Alipes“. GBIF. Retrieved 2022-11-28.
- ^ a b Shelley, R. M. “The myriapods, the world’s leggiest animals”. University of Tennessee. Retrieved 2019-07-02.
- Joshi, Jahnavi; Karanth, K. Praveen (September 1, 2011). “Cretaceous–Tertiary diversification among select Scolopendrid centipedes of South India”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 60 (3): 287–294. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.04.024. ISSN 1055-7903.
- Kronmuller, C; Lewis, J (2015). “On the function of the ultimate legs of some Scolopendridae (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha)”. ZooKeys (510): 269–278. doi:10.3897/zookeys.510.8674. PMC 4523778. PMID 26257548.
- Lewis, J. G. E. (January 1, 1985). “Possible species isolation mechanisms in some scolopendrid centipedes (Chilopoda; Scolopendridae)”. Bijdragen tot de dierkunde. 55 (1): 125–130. ISSN 0067-8546.
- Siriwut, Warut; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Sutcharit, Chirasak; Tongkerd, Piyoros; Panha, Somsak (October 17, 2018). “Systematic revision and phylogenetic reassessment of the centipede genera Rhysida Wood, 1862 and Alluropus Silvestri, 1912 (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha) in Southeast Asia, with further discussion of the subfamily Otostigminae”. Invertebrate Systematics. 32 (5): 1005–1049. doi:10.1071/IS17081. ISSN 1445-5226.
- Vahtera, Varpu; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (November 12, 2014). Hejnol, Andreas (ed.). “First Molecular Data and the Phylogenetic Position of the Millipede-Like Centipede Edentistoma octosulcatum Tömösváry, 1882 (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae)”. PLoS ONE. 9 (11). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112461. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4229182. PMID 25389773.
- Iorio, Etienne (September 2003). “La fonction stridulatoire des Scolopendres du genre Alipes Imhoff, 1854 (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae, Otostigminae)”. Bulletin de Phyllie (in French). 17: 15–21.
- Kenning, Matthes; Müller, Carsten H. G.; Sombke, Andy (2017). “The ultimate legs of Chilopoda (Myriapoda): a review on their morphological disparity and functional variability”. PeerJ. 5: e4023. doi:10.7717/peerj.4023. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 5691793. PMID 29158971.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - Skovmand, O; Enghoff, H (1980). “Stridulation in Alipes grandidieri (Lucas) a scolopendromorph centipede”. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhorisk Forening. 142: 151–160.
