From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
|
|
|||
| Line 16: | Line 16: | ||
|
}} |
}} |
||
|
”’Mu’awiya I’s Qiqan Campaigns”’ were various military expeditions and raids conducted by the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] during the reign of [[Mu’awiya I]] in order to subdue the region of Qiqan or Kaikan,<ref name=”Panhwar Soomra National Council (Pakistan) 2003″>{{cite book | last=Panhwar | first=M. H. | author2=Soomra National Council (Pakistan) | title=An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Soomra Kingdom of Sindh: 1011-1351 AD | publisher=Soomra National Council, Pakistan | year=2003 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BtuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2026-01-25 | page= 24 (on pdf) |quote= Kaikan (Kizkanan) {{!}} Kalat|language=en|author-link=M. H. Panhwar}}</ref> |
”’Mu’awiya I’s Qiqan Campaigns”’ were various military expeditions and raids conducted by the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] during the reign of [[Mu’awiya I]] in order to subdue the region of Qiqan or Kaikan,<ref name=”Panhwar Soomra National Council (Pakistan) 2003″>{{cite book | last=Panhwar | first=M. H. | author2=Soomra National Council (Pakistan) | title=An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Soomra Kingdom of Sindh: 1011-1351 AD | publisher=Soomra National Council, Pakistan | year=2003 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BtuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2026-01-25 | page= 24 (on pdf) |quote= Kaikan (Kizkanan) {{!}} Kalat|language=en|author-link=M. H. Panhwar}}</ref> which was historically a part of the greater region of [[Sindh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zakeri |first=Mohsen |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/S%C4%81s%C4%81nid_Soldiers_in_Early_Muslim_Socie.html?id=VfYnu5F20coC#v=onepage&q=Rashid%20was%20martyred%20Qiqan&f=false |title=Sāsānid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of ʻAyyārān and Futuwwa |date=1995 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-03652-8 |pages=195 |language=en}}</ref> |
||
|
==Background== |
==Background== |
||
Latest revision as of 08:33, 25 January 2026
Early Umayyad Campaigns in the region of Sindh
Mu’awiya I’s Qiqan Campaigns were various military expeditions and raids conducted by the Umayyad Caliphate during the reign of Mu’awiya I in order to subdue the region of Qiqan or Kaikan,[2] which was historically a part of the greater region of Sindh.[3][4]
After the assassination of the fourth Rashidun caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib, the long-time governor of the Levant, Mu’awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, took over the Caliphate from Ali’s eldest son Hasan, and established the Umayyad dynasty. Mu’awiya began expanding the Caliphate by subduing the eastern regions. He sent several campaigns in Iran and recruited Basran forces to consolidate Umayyad rule over Persia.[5] Subsequently, several campaigns were made against Turk Shahis in Kabul.[6]
First conflict in Qiqan
[edit]
In 662, Al-Harith ibn Murra al-Abdi who had succeeded in his previous campaign against Qiqan during Ali’s reign, was slain along with some of his troops in Qiqan.[7]
Skirmish with the Turks (664)
[edit]
Mu’awiya I sent a military expedition to India under Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra. The Umayyad forces advanced up to Bannu and Lahore, two regions between Kabul and Multan. They marched southwards towards Qiqan, but were attacked by the Turks and Medes. Eighteen Turks attacked him and all of them were killed. [8][9]
Second Invasion of Qiqan
[edit]
Mu’awiya dispatched Abdallah ibn Sawwar al-Abdi with 4000 troops in order to invade Qiqan. Qiqan had various spoils including horses and the inhabitants rebelled in the protection of the mountains. Upon their arrival in the territory of Qiqan, the Arab forces were attacked by the troops of the provincial chiefs of the Jats and Medes. The Muslims routed the first assault, but the local population rose up in large numbers. They occupied the mountain passes, clashing with the Arab forces. Abdullah ibn Sawad was killed in the conflict, and the Arab forces were defeated and routed to Makran.[10][11][12]
Invasion of Sindh (668-670) & Third Conflict in Qiqan
[edit]
Mu’awiya chose Rashid ibn Amr and Sinan ibn Salama ibn Muhbiq for the conquest of Sindh. Sinan made the troops make an obligation to divorce their wives if they fled. They first attempted to invade Makran. Although Sinan managed to establish control over some regions of Makran, the locals rebelled against him. Rashid and Sinan reached Qiqan in order to collect revenues and established a garrison town in Makran for further conquests. They arrived in the mountains of Bharj and Mauzar whose inhabitants gathered 50,000 troops against the Arabs. A violent clash took place between the two sides which lasted from Fajr to Zuhr and Rashid was killed. Sinan managed to defeat them, but the people of Budhia then staged an uprising against Sinan and killed him.[13]
- ^ Mubarakpuri, Qazi Athari (1980). العقد الثمين في فتوح الهند ومن ورد فيها من الصحابة والتابعين [The Precious Necklace on the Conquests of India and Those Mentioned in It from the Companions and the Tabi’in] (in Arabic) (1st ed.). Mumbai: Dar al-Ansar. p. 90.
- ^ Panhwar, M. H.; Soomra National Council (Pakistan) (2003). An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Soomra Kingdom of Sindh: 1011-1351 AD. Soomra National Council, Pakistan. p. 24 (on pdf). Retrieved 2026-01-25.
Kaikan (Kizkanan) | Kalat
- ^ Zakeri, Mohsen (1995). Sāsānid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of ʻAyyārān and Futuwwa. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 195. ISBN 978-3-447-03652-8.
- ^ Mubarakpuri, Qazi Athar (1987). رجال السند والهند إلى القرن السابع [Notables of Sindh and Hind up to the Seventh Century AH] (in Arabic) (1st ed.). Mumbai: al-Maṭba’ah al-Ḥijāzīyah. pp. 36–.
- ^ Rehman, Abdur (1979). The Last Two Dynasties of the Śahis: An Analysis of Their History, Archaeology, Coinage, and Palaeography. Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 57.
- ^ Petrie, Cameron A. (2020-12-28). Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200. Oxbow Books. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-78570-306-5.
- ^ Jairazbhoy, Rafique Ali (1995). Foreign Influence in Ancient Indo-Pakistan. Sind Book House. p. 164. ISBN 978-969-8281-00-7.
- ^ Roy, Kaushik (2015-06-03). Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE. Routledge. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-317-58692-0.
- ^ Gordon, Matthew (2001-01-01). The Breaking of a Thousand Swords: A History of the Turkish Military of Samarra (A.H. 200-275/815-889 C.E.). SUNY Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-7914-4796-3.
- ^ Mahajan, V. D. (2007). History of Medieval India. S. Chand Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 978-81-219-0364-6.
- ^ Mahajan, Vidya Dhar; Mahajan, Savitri (1962). The Muslim Rule in India. S. Chand. p. 10.
- ^ Khan, Mofakhkhar Hussain (2001). The Holy Qur’ãn in South Asia: A Bio-bibliographic Study of Translations of the Holy Qurʼãn in 23 South Asian Languages. Bibi Akhtar Prakãs̆ani. pp. 5–6.
- ^ Ahmad, Dr Aijaz (2022-03-06). New Dimensions of Indian Historiography : Historical Facts and Hindutva Interpretation. K.K. Publications. p. 132.
