Ngoenyang: Difference between revisions – Wikipedia

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| {{nowrap|Lao Ngoen/Khun Ngoen<ref name=tham/><ref name=vara>{{cite journal|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208065053/https://lao-online.com/all_files/books/B00703.pdf|title=ตำนานพระยาเจือง: การศึกษาทางประวัติศาสตร์|trans-title=The Legend of Phraya Cheung: A Historical Study|language=th|year=1982|journal=Chiang Mai University Journal of Humanities|volume=11|issue=1|pp=118–134}}</ref>{{rp|126}}}}||{{nowrap|ลาวเงิน/ขุนเงิน}}||1128–1143||Father of Khun Chom Tham ({{lang|th|ขุนจอมธรรม}}), the founding monarch of the [[Phayao Kingdom]].<ref name=chin/><ref name=rung>{{cite web|url=http://www.rungsimun.com/_m/article/content/content.php?aid=539947805|title=วงศ์ลวจังกราชกับพญามังรายและพญางำเมือง|language=th|accessdate=3 November 2023|archivedate=3 November 2023|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231103032134/http://www.rungsimun.com/_m/article/content/content.php?aid=539947805}}</ref>

| {{nowrap|Lao Ngoen/Khun Ngoen<ref name=tham/><ref name=vara>{{cite journal|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208065053/https://lao-online.com/all_files/books/B00703.pdf|title=ตำนานพระยาเจือง: การศึกษาทางประวัติศาสตร์|trans-title=The Legend of Phraya Cheung: A Historical Study|language=th|year=1982|journal=Chiang Mai University Journal of Humanities|volume=11|issue=1|pp=118–134}}</ref>{{rp|126}}}}||{{nowrap|ลาวเงิน/ขุนเงิน}}||1128–1143||Father of Khun Chom Tham ({{lang|th|ขุนจอมธรรม}}), the founding monarch of the [[Phayao Kingdom]].<ref name=chin/><ref name=rung>{{cite web|url=http://www.rungsimun.com/_m/article/content/content.php?aid=539947805|title=วงศ์ลวจังกราชกับพญามังรายและพญางำเมือง|language=th|accessdate=3 November 2023|archivedate=3 November 2023|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231103032134/http://www.rungsimun.com/_m/article/content/content.php?aid=539947805}}</ref>

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| {{nowrap|Khun Chin/Lao Chuen}}||{{nowrap|ขุนชิน/ลาวชื่น}}||1144–1171||Younger son of Lao Chong<ref name=chin>{{cite web|url=https://archive.is/sIxPy|title=ประวัติความเป็นมา|trans-title=History|language=th|website=phayao.immigration.go.th|accessdate=8 February 2026}}</ref>

| {{nowrap|Khun Chin/Lao Chuen}}||{{nowrap|ขุนชิน/ลาวชื่น}}||1144–||Younger son of Lao Chong<ref name=chin>{{cite web|url=https://archive.is/sIxPy|title=ประวัติความเป็นมา|trans-title=History|language=th|website=phayao.immigration.go.th|accessdate=8 February 2026}}</ref>

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| Yi [[Chueang]] (Chueang II)||ยี่เจือง||{{nowrap|1171–1180}}||Previously the ruler of [[Fang (town)|Fang]].<ref name=chiang/>{{rp|77}} Younger son of [[Khun Chom Tham]] and married the two daughters of [[Khun Chin]].<ref name=chiang/>{{rp|79}} He had two brothers: Ai Chueang ({{lang|th|อ้ายเจือง}}), who ruled Mueang [[Chiang Rai]] and was killed in battle while assisting his uncle, Khun Chin, in resisting the invasion of [[Muang Phuan]], [[Candrapuri]], and {{ill|Nan Kingdom|th|นครรัฐน่าน|lt=Nan}};<ref name=chiang/>{{rp|76–7}} and Khun Chong ({{lang|th|ขุนชอง or ขุนจอง}}),<ref name=cu>{{cite web|url=https://archive.is/6yxsx|title=สังเขปประวัติผู้ครองเมืองพะเยา|trans-title=A brief history of the rulers of Phayao|language=th|date=17 July 2024|accessdate=7 February 2026|work=[[Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre]]}}</ref> who succeeded their father, [[Khun Chom Tham]], at [[Phayao Kingdom|Phayao]].<ref name=su>{{Cite book |last=Wongthes |first=Sujit |title=ประวัติศาสตร์ สังคมและวัฒนธรรมเมืองพะเยา |year=1995 |edition=1st |publication-date=1995 |pages=349-357 |trans-title=PHAYAO: a Social and Cultural History|publisher=Ganesha Printing Center|place=Bangkok|url=https://lib.cdti.ac.th/catalog/BibItem.aspx?BibID=b00018977}}</ref> [[Chueang]] later went to rule [[Chiang Hung]] in 1180.<ref>Li Fuyi 李拂一. Leshi 泐史 (History of Moeng Lü), Kunming: Wenjian shuju, 1947. Translated into English by Liew Foon Ming. In manuscript.</ref>

| Yi [[Chueang]] (Chueang II)||ยี่เจือง||{{nowrap|1180}}||Previously the ruler of [[Fang (town)|Fang]].<ref name=chiang/>{{rp|77}} Younger son of [[Khun Chom Tham]] and married the two daughters of [[Khun Chin]].<ref name=chiang/>{{rp|79}} He had two brothers: Ai Chueang ({{lang|th|อ้ายเจือง}}), who ruled Mueang [[Chiang Rai]] and was killed in battle while assisting his uncle, Khun Chin, in resisting the invasion of [[Muang Phuan]], [[Candrapuri]], and {{ill|Nan Kingdom|th|นครรัฐน่าน|lt=Nan}};<ref name=chiang/>{{rp|76–7}} and Khun Chong ({{lang|th|ขุนชอง or ขุนจอง}}),<ref name=cu>{{cite web|url=https://archive.is/6yxsx|title=สังเขปประวัติผู้ครองเมืองพะเยา|trans-title=A brief history of the rulers of Phayao|language=th|date=17 July 2024|accessdate=7 February 2026|work=[[Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre]]}}</ref> who succeeded their father, [[Khun Chom Tham]], at [[Phayao Kingdom|Phayao]].<ref name=su>{{Cite book |last=Wongthes |first=Sujit |title=ประวัติศาสตร์ สังคมและวัฒนธรรมเมืองพะเยา |year=1995 |edition=1st |publication-date=1995 |pages=349-357 |trans-title=PHAYAO: a Social and Cultural History|publisher=Ganesha Printing Center|place=Bangkok|url=https://lib.cdti.ac.th/catalog/BibItem.aspx?BibID=b00018977}}</ref> [[Chueang]] later went to rule [[Chiang Hung]] in 1180.<ref>Li Fuyi 李拂一. Leshi 泐史 (History of Moeng Lü), Kunming: Wenjian shuju, 1947. Translated into English by Liew Foon Ming. In manuscript.</ref>

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| {{nowrap|Lao Ngoen Rueang}}||{{nowrap|ลาวเงินเรือง}}||1180–1206||Son of the previous. Born to Paeng Chan Phong ({{lang|th|นางอามแพงจันทน์ผง}}), a daughter of Khun Chin.<ref name=chiang/>{{rp|82}}

| {{nowrap|Lao Ngoen Rueang}}||{{nowrap|ลาวเงินเรือง}}||1180–1206||Son of the previous. Born to Paeng Chan Phong ({{lang|th|นางอามแพงจันทน์ผง}}), a daughter of Khun Chin.<ref name=chiang/>{{rp|82}}

Kingdom of Northern Thai people (638–1292)

Wat Phra That Doi Pu Khao [th], built by the Kings of Hiran

Hiran Nakhon Ngoenyang (Thai: หิรัญนครเงินยาง), also known as Jayavaranagara (ชยวรนคร), Mueang Chiang Lao (เมืองเชียงลาว)[1], Hiraṇyanagara Ngoenyang Chiang Saen (หิรัญญนครเงินยางเชียงแสน),[2] Nagarayāṅgapura (นครยางคปุระ),[3], or Thasai Ngoenyang (เมืองท่าทรายเงินยาง)[4] was an early mueang or kingdom of the Northern Thai people from the 7th through 13th centuries AD and was originally centered on Hiran, formerly Wiang Prueksa, in modern-day Thailand near today’s Mae Sai district in Chiang Rai, and later on Ngoenyang or Wiang Phang Kham. King Mangrai, the 25th king of Ngoenyang, went on to found Lanna.[5]

Following the collapse of the Yonok Kingdom as a result of a severe earthquake in the 6th century, the remaining settlements consolidated into an alliance and relocated the principal political center to Wiang Prueksa, which was subsequently governed by a succession of sixteen rulers.[6]: 105  Thereafter, Tai Yuan people of Wiang Prueksa invited Lao Chakkaraj, a head of the Lawa people from Doi Tung, to became their new ruler.[7]: 53–4  After ascending the throne, Lao Chakkaraj reconstructed the city, and established it as his new chief center under the name “Hiran Nakhon” in 638.[5] He also rebuilt Mueang Fang and later founded new cities that became Chiang Rai and Chiang Khong.[8]: 244–5 

During the early reign of Lao Chakkaraj, the polity of Ngoenyang comprised 57 cities,[8]: 241–3  with four additional regional centers besides Hiran–Ngoenyang: Mueang Fang, north of modern Chiang Mai province; Mong Hsat in present-day Shan State, Myanmar; Mueang Hang Rung Rung (เมืองหางรังรุ้ง) in modern Hot district of Chiang Mai province; and Mueang Jawad Noi (เมืองจวาดน้อย/สาดน้อย) in present-day Mueang Chiang Mai district.[8]: 245  The northernmost extent of his polity was Mong Yawng, where he appointed one of his sons as ruler,[8]: 247  while the eastern boundary adjoined Vieng Phouka, ruled by his uncle, whose daughter later married Lao Kao Kaeo Ma Mueang, youngest son of Lao Chakkaraj.[8]: 257 

In 662, the southern part in the Ping River Basin was split off and became the Haripuñjaya Kingdom, ruled by Queen Camadevi of Lavo. After the end of Lao Chakkaraj‘s reign in 759, his three sons ruled separate polities independently, without interference in each other’s affairs.[1]: 7  This division fragmented the polity into three parts: the eastern part, with its seat at Chiang Khong, ruled by the eldest son Lao Khob (ลาวคอบ); the northern part, centered at Mong Yawng, ruled by the middle son Lao Chang (ลาวช้าง); and the youngest son, Lao Kao Kaeo Ma Mueang, succeeded his father at Hiran–Ngoenyang.[8]: 247 

Location of Mueang Ngoenyang

[edit]

Because the text preserved in the Chronicle of Chiang Saen directly identifies the city of Ngoenyang with modern Chiang Saen, this interpretation has previously been emphasized.[2] However, the location indicated in this legend contrasts with several other textual traditions. The Nan Chronicle places Ngoenyang at Ta Sai (ท่าทราย) in Mae Sai District; the The Chiang Mai Chronicle situates it near the Sai River;[1] and the Phayao Chronicle records that during the reign of Lao Khiang, the city of Yang Sai (ยางสาย)—his royal seat—was expanded and it was located at the foothills of Doi Tung in Mae Sai District.[9] Taken together, these accounts suggest that Ngoenyang was most likely located in the vicinity of Doi Tung, while Hiran can be more confidently identified with modern Mae Sai. This conclusion is consistent with archaeological research conducted by Worasit Ophap at Wiang Phang Kham, an ancient city in Mae Sai district. His survey found that the site is enclosed by an earthen embankment that divides the settlement into two sections, indicating a later expansion of the city.[10] The site is located in the Doi Wao–Doi Kha–Doi Pa Lao (ดอยเวา–ดอยคา–ดอยป่าเลา) area, which lies along the same mountain rage as Doi Tung. Wiang Phang Kham should therefore be identified as the same city as the city of Ngoenyang.[5][11] Nevertheless, this identification remains disputed.[5]

Early Tai muang conflicts

[edit]

The Rise of Mangrai

[edit]

A pivotal transformation occurred in 1262 when Mangrai ascended the throne as the 25th ruler of Ngoenyang Chiang Lao. Visionary and ambitious, he sought to unify the smaller principalities scattered across the northern region. Upon his enthronement, Mangrai founded the city of Chiang Rai, designating it as his new capital. This act marked the end of the Lao Dynasty of Ngoenyang Chiang Lao and the beginning of the Mangrai dynasty, which later became the foundation of the Lan Na Kingdom.

Mural of the founding monarch of Ngoenyang, Lao Chakkaraj, at Wat Ming Mueang, Chiang Rai province, Thailand.

Two distinct versions of the Hiran Ngoenyang dynastic lineage are preserved in the historical tradition. The first, recorded in the The Chiang Mai Chronicle, identifies Mae Sai and Wiang Phang Kham as the principal royal seats. The second, presented in the Chronicle of Chiang Saen, asserts that Chiang Saen itself functioned as the dynastic center and offers a somewhat different sequence of rulers, with several reigns overlapping chronologically with those listed in the The Chiang Mai Chronicle.[5] To date, no comparative study has systematically examined these two accounts to determine whether they describe a single dynasty from differing perspectives or represent parallel, contemporaneous dynasties.

With regard to the issue under discussion, the first eight monarchs recorded in both sources correspond closely in nomenclature, regnal periods, and chronological sequence. A notable divergence, however, appears from the 9th ruler onward. The Chiang Mai Chronicle identifies the ninth ruler, Lao Khiang, as having relocated the political center and expanded earlier settlements, thereby establishing Ngoenyang as a new administrative hub. By contrast, the Chronicle of Chiang Saen identifies the 9th ruler as Lao Ton, assigns him a significantly shorter reign, and provides no further information on political, administrative, or urban developments. The royal lineages in both sources begin to converge again in the late Ngoenyang period, from the early 12th century onward.

Color legend

  Both sources (potentially) attest to the same monarch

The Chiang Mai Chronicle
Seat: Mae Sai and Wiang Phang Kham		 The Chronicle of Chiang SaenSeat: Chiang Saen
Reign[1]: 7–8  Name Name Reign[7]: 61–89 
Duration
(years)		 Period Thai Romanized Romanized Thai Period Duration
(years)
120 638[8]: 244–5 –759? ปู่เจ้าลาวจก Lao Chakkaraj Lao Chakkaraj ปู่เจ้าลาวจก 638[8]: 244–5 –759? 120
45 760–805 ลาวก้าวแก้วมาเมือง Lao Kao Kaeo Ma Mueang Lao Kao Taen Na Mueang ลาวก้าวแทนนาเมือง 760–772 12
39 806–845 ลาวเสา Lao Sao Lao Sao ลาวเส้า 773–813 40
26 846–872 ลาวตั้ง Lao Tang Lao Phang ลาวพัง 814–844 30
18 873–891 ลาวกม Lao Klom Lao Luang ลาวหลวง 845–875 30
16 892–908 ลาวแหลว Lao Leow Lao Leow ลาวแหลว 876–903 27
15 909–924 ลาวกับ Lao Kap Lao Kad ลาวกัด 904–923 19
17 925–942 ลาวกืน Lao Kuen Lao Ping ลาวพิง 924–941 17
26 943–969 ลาวเครียง Lao Khiang Lao Ton ลาวตน 942–960 18
20 970–990 ลาวคริว/ลาวกิน Lao Khiu/Lao Gin Lao Chom ลาวจอม 961–976 15
15 991–1006 ลาวทึง Lao Tueng Lao Kwak ลาวขวัก 977–1007 30
20 1007–1027 ลาวเทิง Lao Toeng Lao Changkwa Ruean Khamkaew ลาวจังกวาเรือนคำแก้ว 1008–1040 32
17 1028–1045 ลาวตน Lao Ton Lao Kwak Waw ลาวควักวาว 1041–1047 6
30 1046–1066 ลาวโฉม Lao Chom Khun Theung ขุนเทือง 1048–1064 16
27 1067–1094 ลาวกวัก Lao Kuak Khun Thung ขุนทึง 1065–1106 41
15 1095–1110 ลาวกวิน Lao Kwin Khun Rengkwa ขุนเรงกวา
16 1111–1127 ลาวจง Lao Chong Khun Chin/Khun Chuen ขุนชิน/ขุนชื่น 27
18 1128–1146 จอมผาเรือง Chom Pha Rueang Chom Pha Rueang จอมผาเรือง 17
24 1147–1171 ลาวเจือง Lao Chueang Ai Chueang อ้ายเจือง 7
26 1172–1198 ลาวเงินเรือง Lao Ngoen Rueang Lao Chueang/ Yi Chueang ลาวเจือง/ ยี่เจือง ? 53
21 1198–1219 ลาวชื่น Lao Chuen Lao Ngoen Rueang ลาวเงินเรือง ? 20
21 1219–1240 ลาวมิ่ง Lao Ming Lao Kiang ลาวเคียง 16
25 1240–1265 ลาวเมิง/ขุนเมิง Lao Meng Lao Meng ลาวเมง
40 1261/1265–1292 มังราย Mangrai Mangrai มังราย

As the later portions of the royal lineages presented in both sources exhibit certain inconsistencies, the following offers an alternative reconstruction of the monarchs of this late period, based on a comparative interpretation of both sources and their relationship to the narrative of King Chueang.

Name Reign Note
Romanized Thai
The earlier rulers as represented in the table above
Lao Chong ลาวจง 1111–1127
Lao Ngoen/Khun Ngoen[5][12]: 126  ลาวเงิน/ขุนเงิน 1128–1143 Father of Khun Chom Tham (ขุนจอมธรรม), the founding monarch of the Phayao Kingdom.[13][14]
Khun Chin/Lao Chuen ขุนชิน/ลาวชื่น 1144–1155 Younger son of Lao Chong[13]
Yi Chueang (Chueang II) ยี่เจือง 1156–1180 Previously the ruler of Fang.[7]: 77  Younger son of Khun Chom Tham and married the two daughters of Khun Chin.[7]: 79  He had two brothers: Ai Chueang (อ้ายเจือง), who ruled Mueang Chiang Rai and was killed in battle while assisting his uncle, Khun Chin, in resisting the invasion of Muang Phuan, Candrapuri, and Nan [th];[7]: 76–7  and Khun Chong (ขุนชอง or ขุนจอง),[15] who succeeded their father, Khun Chom Tham, at Phayao.[16] Chueang later went to rule Chiang Hung in 1180.[17]
Lao Ngoen Rueang ลาวเงินเรือง 1180–1206 Son of the previous. Born to Paeng Chan Phong (นางอามแพงจันทน์ผง), a daughter of Khun Chin.[7]: 82 
Khun Paeng ขุนแพง 1206–1212 As Lao Ngoen Rueang died without a male heir, Khun Paeng—who had previously ruled Phayao after succeeding his father, Chom Pha Rueang (จอมผาเรือง)—was enthroned as king of Ngoenyang.[5]
Lao Ming ลาวมิ่ง 1213–1234 Son of Lao Chuen[1]: 11 
Lao Meng ลาวเมิง/ขุนเมิง 1235–1260 Son of the previous.[1]: 11 
Mangrai/Lao Maeng มังราย/ลาวเมง 1261–1292 Son of the previous.[1]: 11 
  1. ^ a b c d e f g ตำนานพื้นเมืองเชียงใหม่ ฉบับ เชียงใหม่ 700 ปี [Chiang Mai Local Legends, 700th Anniversary Edition] (PDF) (in Thai). Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Provincial Cultural Center, Chiang Mai Rajabhat University. ISBN 974-8150-62-3.
  2. ^ a b Ongsakul, Saraswati (2003). พื้นเมืองเชียงแสน [Legend of Chiang Saen]. Bangkok: Amarin Publishing. p. 331.
  3. ^ “Jinakalamali” (PDF) (in Thai). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 January 2025. Retrieved 30 January 2025.
  4. ^ Ongsakul, Saraswati (1994). Nidhi Eoseewong (ed.). พื้นเมืองน่าน ฉบับวัดพระเกิด [Legend of Nan, Wat Phra Kert Version] (PDF) (in Thai). ISBN 9786163983350. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2026.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g “ตามหาเมืองเงินยาง ตอน 3”. www.finearts.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  6. ^ Manit Vallipodom. “ตำนานสิงหนวติกุมารฉบับสอบค้น” [The Legend of Singhanati: Research Edition] (PDF) (in Thai). Office of the Prime Minister. Retrieved 3 February 2026.
  7. ^ a b c d e f พงศาวดารเมืองเชียงแสน [Chronicle of Chiang Saen] (PDF) (in Thai). Suksapan [th]. 1834. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2026.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Fine Arts Department (6 February 1961). “พงศาวดารโยกนก” [Yonok Chronicle] (PDF) (in Thai). Rung Rueang Rat. Retrieved 21 December 2025.
  9. ^ Takhammi, Chalermwut (2014). ตำนานเมืองพะเยา [Legend of Phayao] (in Thai). Chiang Mai: Nakhon Pink Karn Phim. ISBN 9786163747983.
  10. ^ วรสิทธิ์ โอภาพ. การสืบค้นประวัติศาสตร์โบราณสถาน “คันดิน-คูเมืองเวียงพางคำ” อำเภอแม่สาย จังหวัดเชียงราย : สำนักงานวัฒนธรรมจังหวัดเชียงราย, 2548.
  11. ^ อภิชิต ศิริชัย. วิเคราะห์ตำนานจากเอกสารพื้นถิ่น ว่าด้วย โยนกนคร เวียงสี่ตวง เวียงพานคำ เมืองเงินยาง และ ประวัติวัดพระธาตุจอมกิตติ ตำบลเวียง อำเภอเชียงแสน จังหวัดเชียงราย. พิมพ์ครั้งที่ 1. เชียงราย:ล้อล้านนา, 2560.
  12. ^ “ตำนานพระยาเจือง: การศึกษาทางประวัติศาสตร์” [The Legend of Phraya Cheung: A Historical Study] (PDF). Chiang Mai University Journal of Humanities (in Thai). 11 (1): 118–134. 1982.
  13. ^ a b “ประวัติความเป็นมา” [History]. phayao.immigration.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 8 February 2026.
  14. ^ “วงศ์ลวจังกราชกับพญามังรายและพญางำเมือง” (in Thai). Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  15. ^ “สังเขปประวัติผู้ครองเมืองพะเยา” [A brief history of the rulers of Phayao]. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre (in Thai). 17 July 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2026.
  16. ^ Wongthes, Sujit (1995). ประวัติศาสตร์ สังคมและวัฒนธรรมเมืองพะเยา [PHAYAO: a Social and Cultural History] (1st ed.). Bangkok: Ganesha Printing Center. pp. 349–357.
  17. ^ Li Fuyi 李拂一. Leshi 泐史 (History of Moeng Lü), Kunming: Wenjian shuju, 1947. Translated into English by Liew Foon Ming. In manuscript.

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