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{{Use Philippine English|date=February 2026}}

{{Use Philippine English|date=February 2026}}

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{{Infobox person

| name = Eddie Garcia

| image =

| caption = Garcia in the 1960s

| birth_name = Eduardo Verchez Garcia

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1929|5|2}}

| birth_place = [[Juban, Sorsogon]], [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|Philippine Islands]]

| death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|6|21|1929|5|2}}

| death_place = [[Makati]], Philippines

| years_active = 1949–2019

| works = [[Eddie Garcia filmography|Filmography]]

| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Eddie Garcia|Full list]]

| spouse = {{marriage|Lucilla Scharnberg|1949|1995|end=died}}

| partner = Lilibeth Romero (1986–2019)

| occupation = {{hlist||Actor|director}}

| other names = Manoy

| children = 4

| module = {{Infobox military person

|embed = yes

|allegiance = {{Unbulleted list|{{flag|Philippines|1936}}|{{flag|United States|1912}}}}

|branch = {{bulleted list|[[Philippine Scouts|Philippine Scouts, US Army]]|[[Philippine Army]]}}

|branch_label = Branch of Service<ref name=”PNAGovPH-Army”>{{cite news |last1=Nepomuceno |first1=Priam |title=Army honors veteran actor Eddie Garcia |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1073092 |access-date=June 23, 2019 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=June 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623142403/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1073092 |archive-date=June 23, 2019 }}</ref>

|serviceyears = 1946–1949

|rank =

|unit =

}}

}}

”’Eduardo “Eddie” Verchez Garcia”’ ({{IPA|tl|ˈʔɛdi gaɾˈsɪa|lang}}; May 2, 1929 – June 21, 2019), colloquially known as ”’Manoy”’, was a Filipino actor and filmmaker. Known for playing authoritative, antagonistic, and wealthy patriarch roles, he has been described as the greatest Filipino actor in history. Garcia has contributed to nearly [[Eddie Garcia filmography|700 film and television productions]] throughout his career that spanned seventy years.

”’Eduardo “Eddie” Verchez Garcia”’ ({{IPA|tl|ˈʔɛdi gaɾˈsɪa|lang}}; May 2, 1929 – June 21, 2019), colloquially known as ”’Manoy”’, was a Filipino actor and filmmaker. Known for playing authoritative, antagonistic, and wealthy patriarch roles, he has been described as the greatest Filipino actor in history. Garcia has contributed to nearly [[Eddie Garcia filmography|700 film and television productions]] throughout his career that spanned seventy years.

Eduardo “Eddie” Verchez Garcia (Tagalog: [ˈʔɛdi gaɾˈsɪa]; May 2, 1929 – June 21, 2019), colloquially known as Manoy, was a Filipino actor and filmmaker. Known for playing authoritative, antagonistic, and wealthy patriarch roles, he has been described as the greatest Filipino actor in history. Garcia has contributed to nearly 700 film and television productions throughout his career that spanned seventy years.

Garcia made his first screen appearance in Manuel Conde‘s Siete Infantes de Lara (1950). He signed with Sampaguita Pictures where he was often typecast in villainous roles and finally received critical recognition for his roles in Taga sa Bato (1957), Condenado (1958), and Tanikalang Apoy (1959)—winning the FAMAS Award for Best Supporting Actor for a record of three consecutive years. He expanded into film directing in the early 1960s and directed melodrama and action spy-themed films including Sabotage (1966) which was the highest-grossing film at the first Manila Film Festival, and Pinagbuklod ng Langit (1969) which earned Garcia his first FAMAS Award for Best Director. He explored roles in the 1970s and began playing unconventional roles in Lino Brocka‘s Tubog sa Ginto (1971), one of the earliest local film that tackled homosexuality.

Garcia achieved stardom as one of the biggest box-office draws in the 1980s and 1990s for his work in melodrama and action films.

Early life and military service

Eduardo Verchez Garcia was born on May 2, 1929,[1][2] in Juban, Sorsogon, into a family of Spanish descents, son of Antonio Garcia and Vicenta Verchez.[3][4][5][6] The eldest of five children, Garcia and his siblings were raised by their grandparents on a farm in Naga, Camarines Sur.[7] His paternal grandfather, who was a captain in the Spanish army, arrived in the Philippines in 1870; married a woman from Pampanga and decided to settle in Naga.[7] From a young age, Garcia has demonstrated independence, traveling solo between Sorsogon and Manila by age thirteen.[8] He attended Sorsogon Pilot Elementary School before moving to Manila for high school and three years of an A.B. Psychology degree at San Beda College.[5]

At age seventeen, Garcia began his military service in 1946 by enlisting in the Philippine Scouts, a tactical unit of the United States Army. Stationed in Okinawa, Japan after the World War II,[9] he served as a military policeman (MP) within the 116th Military Police Company of the Ryukyus Command.[10] During his 27-month deployment, he attained the rank of sergeant.[8][11] His military career concluded in 1949 following the disbandment of the Philippine Scouts by the Philippine government under President Elpidio Quirino.[12] Although his commanding officer offered him a recommendation for Officer Candidate School (OCS) and the opportunity to re-enlist in the regular U.S. Army, Garcia opted to return to the Philippines. Shortly after his discharge, he was persuaded by a friend to audition for a film role.[13]

Career

Early roles, 1950s

Garcia, together with fellow scout George Sanderson, auditioned for Manuel Conde who was then looking for seven men to star in his feature Siete Infantes de Lara.[1][14] He recalled that preparations for their roles included trainings in fencing and sword fighting for three months.[10] Theatrically released in 1950, the film marked his first screen appearance. While Sanderson eventually went back to the United States to join the Navy,[8] he continued acting. After playing a number of minor roles for LVN Pictures, he became an exclusive contract star of Sampaguita Pictures for fourteen years.[15] His physical appearance and bearing led to him being frequently typecast in villainous roles.[16] Garcia recalled one time he was attacked by a enraged fan who hurt him with an umbrella because his character abused Gloria Romero‘s character. He did not lash out at the fan, believing “he did a good job in portraying it”.[17]

Garcia’s next roles gave him critical recognition. From mid to the latter part of the 1950s, he frequently played support to Lolita Rodriguez.[18] He received his first acting award in 1958 for his role in Conrado Conde‘s Taga sa Bato, winning the FAMAS Award for Best Supporting Actor. This was followed by two more consecutive victories for his roles in Armando Garces’ Condenado and Jose de Villa‘s Tanikalang Apoy in 1959 and 1960, respectively. Garcia became the first and only performer to win the FAMAS Award for best Supporting Actor for three consecutive years.[19][3]

Career expansion, 1960s

Garcia expanded into film directing through the romantic drama Karugtong ng Kahapon in 1961, produced by Sampaguita Pictures. His next directorial works were drama-themed films Sapagkat Kami’y Tao Lamang the following year, an official Philippine entry in the Cairo International Film Festival and Historia un Amor in 1963, which competed at the Asian Film Festival.[20]

The increasing popularity of James Bond films in the Philippines during this period benefited Garcia. [21] He directed the action film G-2 (1965),[22] the first of his many collaborations with Tony Ferrer who starred as Tony Falcon in the Agent X-44 film series.[23][10] The following year, he reunited with Ferrer and directed Sabotage. The film competed at the first edition of Manila Film Festival in 1966 and became the highest-grossing film of that year’s festival.[24] In 1969, Garcia was tapped to direct the sequel to Ferdinand Marcos‘ re-election campaign film Pinagbuklod ng Langit, starring Luis Gonzales and Gloria Romero.[25] The film earned him his first FAMAS Award for Best Director.[26]

Unconventional roles, 1970s

Garcia’s role in Lino Brocka‘s adaptation of Orlando Andres’ comics serial Tubog sa Ginto was a turning point in his career.[27][28] In the film, he portrayed a closeted married man to which Manila Standard writer Ester Dipasupil called it the role that “vaulted him to stardom”, adding: “That role, no actor in his time would touch with a ten-foot pole, earned Eddie more than just the respect of the director.”[29] He received his second FAMAS Award for Best Actor.[30] The same year, Garcia reunited with Gloria Romero in Lino Brocka‘s Lumuha Pati mga Anghel. Portraying the role of an abusive husband, Nestor Torre noted how Brocka gave the ensemble cast a “more realistic framework that made this movie less escapist than most.”[31] Also in 1971, Garcia starred opposite Rita Gomez in Ishamel Bernal‘s first feature film Pagdating sa Dulo. While the film didn’t performed well at the box-office,[32] the Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino have included it on their list of the best films of the decade.[33]

Garcia next appeared in several international B films. In 1972, he starred as Captain Cruz in the action thriller Black Mama White Mama.[34] While the film received mixed to unfavorable reviews, his performance was singled out by the critics with Variety stating that he “rises above the material by studious underplaying”.[35] The film was also a commercial success, earning $1 million in North American rentals.[36][37] The following year, Garcia was cast in the action drama film Nueva Viscaya and was one of the entries at the 8th Manila Film Festival.[38] It became the third highest-grossing film of that year’s festival with ₱461,405 in box-office receipts and won him his sixth FAMAS Award for Best Supporting Actor. Garcia was inducted into the hall of fame in 1975.[39][26]

Garcia directed Atsay (1978), a romantic drama starring Nora Aunor as an abused housemaid.[40] Writing for Philippine Daily Inquirer, Nestor Torre named it as one of the best films of that year and noted its “realistic and unmelodramatic view of the lives of domestic helpers.”[41] The film competed at the Metro Manila Film Festival where Garcia was awarded Best Director, including nominations for a FAMAS and Gawad Urian.[42]

Stardom, 1980–1999

Garcia was tapped to direct a slew of high profile films for Viva Films. He directed Sinasamba Kita (1982), a romantic drama which starred Vilma Santos, Christopher de Leon, Lorna Tolentino, and Philip Salvador.[43] The film was a commercial success at the box-office and earned the FAMAS Award for Best Director.[44][45] The following year, he reunited with Santos and De Leon, directing the drama film Paano Ba ang Mangarap?.[10] Leah Salterio of Philippine Daily Inquirer named it the film that “heralded a box-office precedent for komiks novels adapted for big screen.”[46]

Garcia directed Magdusa Ka (1986), a drama film which starred Dina Bonnevie. The film earned him his third FAMAS Award for Best Director to which Manila Standard writer Frank S. Mallo criticized, calling it “flawed and unimaginative direction”.[47] The following year, he directed Saan Nagtatago ang Pag-ibig. Mike Feria of Manila Standard called the film a “minor directorial triumph” and noted how it “transcended the limitations of the genre.”[48] Considered by Garcia as his most memorable directorial project, the film earned him the FAMAS, Star Award for Movies, and Luna Awards for Best Director.[49]

Continued appearances on-screen, 2000s

International acclaim and final roles, 2010s

Garcia in 2013

Garcia has received international acclaim for his work in his later years, particularly in the comedy drama Bwakaw where Variety contributor Dennis Harvey cited him as a “veteran of Filipino cinema” and added that he delivered “a pitch-perfect, salty but touching turn”.[50] Writing for The Hollywood Reporter, David Rooney described him as a “national screen superstar” and agreed that Garcia embodied the characters’ self-discovery and internal pain.[51]

Personal life

Lucilla Scharnberg Garcia (wife) and Elizabeth Garcia Esquillo (daughter) graves at Manila Memorial Park – Sucat.

Garcia kept most of his life private, viewing his acting profession and personal life as separate.[3][52] He lived a relatively simple life without any luxury cars and expensive equipment.[53][54] Throughout his career, he was known for his professionalism, and evaded intrigues and controversies linking him to his fellow co-stars.[55] Film producer Marichu Maceda described Garcia as “a disciplined and independent person, carrying things on his own without needing assistants or managers despite being popular”.[56][57]

Garcia was in a domestic partnership with Lilibeth Romero for 33 years.[58] Before Romero, Garcia was married to Lucilla Scharnberg, who died of cancer in 1995. He and Scharnberg had three children: Eduardo “Eddieboy” Jr. (1951–1973), Erwin (March 13, 1956 – March 13, 2021) due to liver disease[59] and Elizabeth (nicknamed Lisa). Eddieboy died in a motorcycle accident at the age of 22; Garcia called it “the biggest tragedy of his life”, feeling guilty because he had gifted to his son the motorcycle his son had ridden. Elizabeth died of a heart attack in 1996.[5] His other daughter lives in San Diego, California.

Garcia said he originally wanted to be either a soldier or a lawyer, saying “Acting is just a job. It’s an honest way to make a living.”[17] Beyond acting, he was passionate about target shooting as a sport. He was a skilled marksman, having once been a trained soldier.[7][60] Garcia campaigned for Ako Bicol‘s party-list in the 2019 Philippine House of Representatives elections as the regional group’s primary endorser.[61][62]

Garcia maintained a healthy lifestyle through exercise,[3] vitamin supplements,[63] and healthy diet, saying he preferred fish and vegetables to meat.[52][14] Garcia still worked as an actor and director when he turned 90, and he said he still had an active sex life and went to a gym to remain healthy. He described his lifestyle as “everything in moderation: food, work, even fitness, and workout”.[64]

Death and aftermath

On June 8, 2019, Garcia was rushed to Mary Johnston Hospital in Tondo, Manila, after tripping on a cable wire and hitting his head on the pavement during a shoot for television series Rosang Agimat.[65][66][67] He was then transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) at Makati Medical Center.[68] The actual incident was captured on video.[69] Initial reports stated Garcia had suffered a heart attack on set, according to his family,[70] but was later found to have suffered a cervical fracture due to the fall.[65][71][72]

Garcia’s family released a statement contradicting a report that said Garcia suffered a heart attack; they called the initial report “fake news” and said the actor tripped on a cable during filming, and was healthy prior to the incident.[73] A CT scan showed his brain was in a normal state, ruling out the possibility he suffered a stroke.[68] Due to the fracture, Garcia was in a coma. On June 15, his family agreed to place Garcia on do-not-resuscitate status.[65][74] On June 20, there were minimal signs of brain activity and he remained dependent on a ventilator.[75] The following day, Garcia was pronounced dead at 4:55 pm (GMT+8) at the age of 90.[12][76] In accordance with his last wishes, immediately after his death, Garcia’s remains were cremated and placed inside an olive-green urn. His wake was held at Heritage Memorial Park in Taguig.[77]

Aftermath

Garcia’s accident and death became an issue because there was no standby medical team or ambulance on the set of Rosang Agimat. The unconscious Garcia was lifted from the pavement by non-medical personnel, who carried him to a passing taxicab. Several people, including his wife Lilibeth, said the accident could have been prevented if GMA Network‘s management had taken safety precautions.[67][78] The Directors’ Guild of the Philippines Inc. (DGPI) referred to Garcia’s death as “a sad and urgent reminder to the film and television industries that safety protocols at work and on set are of paramount importance”.[79]

The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) and the Occupational Safety and Health Center (OSHC) started an investigation into the circumstances of Garcia’s accident and death.[80] The OSHC found some occupational safety and health (OSH)-related violations on the part of GMA Network based on an uploaded online video of Garcia’s accident, such as lack of first-aid, medical supplies, and a stretcher. They also said Garcia was “carried by personnel using bare hands”.[81] On September 4, the DOLE added GMA Network failed to submit an incident report within 24 hours after the accident.[82] On December 23, the DOLE fined GMA Network ₱890,000.00 (about $15,000 US) because of the incident.[83] The network submitted an appeal in response to the ruling.[84]

Eddie Garcia Law

Garcia’s stepson House representative Michael Romero said he would propose an “Eddie Garcia Law” to “safeguard the welfare and well being of all actors working in the television and/or in the movie industries” by compelling production outfits to grant mandatory insurance, providing for working hours in television and movie production, and establishing medical and safety protocols and emergency procedures.[85][86] House Bill 1270—a consolidation of six similar bills, including one by Romero—passed the House of Representatives on February 7, 2023.[87] The Senate of the Philippines approved on second reading Senate Bill No 2505, the proposed Eddie Garcia law, on February 12, 2024, and was calendared for third and final reading.[88] On May 24, 2024, President Bongbong Marcos signed into law Republic Act 11996 or the “Eddie Garcia Law”.[89]

Legacy

[Garcia’s] movies consistently reaped profits for producers… His influence on popular culture is convincingly enormous as he has been able to popularized a number of buzzwords including the Bicolano words manoy, or big brother, and uragon which can mean a lot of things in a variety of usage… Eddie’s of a rare breed. He is a survivor, a natural performer who can switch from evil to good, loathsome to loveable at a snap of a finger.

Writing for the independent online magazine The FilAm, Joel David named Garcia’s portrayal of a closeted married man in Tubog sa Ginto (1971) as “the highest peak in male Philippine film performance.”[91] In 2001, the Philippine Daily Inquirer asked a number of young viewers about who they think are the best Filipino actors two which a 17-year old from Masbate responded, “Eddie Garcia. He can take on any role given to him… He has no equal.”[92] Actor Victor Neri said of Garcia, “[He] is like an idol to every actor. He can handle both bida and kontrabida roles.”[93] Boots Anson-Roa, whom Garcia worked with in numerous films, admired his durability which he claims “no one can possibly duplicate” and said, “Eddie can be second lead, a villain, and the lead in the movie. That I think is a rare quality in an actor whom the audience accepts whatever role he plays.”[94]

Garcia was one of the most bankable Filipino actors of his generation and the highest-paid Filipino actor cast in villainous roles.[95][96] Manila Standard contributor Iskho Lopez named him, including Fernando Poe Jr. and Rudy Fernandez, among the biggest Filipino box-office stars, arguing that he “is as durable as Bronson, Quinn and Eastwood, surpassing the track record in boxoffice drawing power of Ramon Revilla… and Dolphy.”[97] Also writing for Manila Standard, Ester Dipasupil agreed that Garcia’s “name on the marquee… always assures bookers of big box-office takes. And that’s the reason why any movie with Eddie in the lead or as support can easily book as many as a hundred theaters in Metro Manila alone.”[98] Nestor Torre of Philippine Daily Inquirer have named Garcia, including Nora Aunor, Vilma Santos, Fernando Poe Jr., and Dolphy, among the “local stars who have stayed at the top for decades”.[99]

Garcia was the most awarded Filipino actor of all time.[100][101][102] He is the most decorated actor in FAMAS Awards history, having been inducted into the hall of fame under three categories.[103]

Through his outstanding and prolific body of work, Eddie Garcia is forever etched in the history of Philippine cinema as one of its greatest actors… his masterful contributions as a filmmaker remain provocative, as seen in such film classics as Atsay (1976), Magdusa Ka (1986), and Imortal (1989)… His was a long and inspiring career, whose greatness never waned, even as he generously contributed to the national film culture as an actor right up to the age of 90.

The Directors’ Guild of the Philippines, Inc (2019), [104]

In 2007, American filmmaker Quentin Tarantino have expressed his admiration towards Garcia’s directorial works, who also admitted that he grew up watching Filipino films.

Filmography

The Far East Film Festival named Garcia as one of the most prolific actors in Asia, having contributed to nearly 700 film and television productions,[a][109] both as an actor and director, throughout his career that spanned seventy years. His notable directorial works include Sabotage (1967), Pinagbuklod ng Langit (1969), Crisis (1970), Atsay (1978), Sinasamba Kita (1982), Paano Ba ang Pangarap? (1983), Magdusa Ka (1986), Saan Nagtatago ang Pag-ibig? (1987), Huwag Mong Itanong Kung Bakit (1988), Imortal (1989), and Abakada… Ina (2001)—his final film directorial work. On television, his notable roles include Kung Mawawala Ka (2002), Narito ang Puso Ko (2003), Babaeng Hampaslupa (2011), and Ang Probinsiyano (2015–2019).

His notable works as an actor include Taga sa Bato (1957), Condenado (1958), Tanikalang Apoy (1959), Ito ang Pilipino (1966), Valiente Brothers (1967), De Colores (1968), Dugo ng Bayani (1969), Tubog sa Ginto (1971), Nueva Vizcaya (1973), Minsan Pa Nating Hagkan ang Nakaraan (1983), Miguelito: Batang Rebelde (1985), Boyong Mañalac, Andres Manambit (both in 1991), Bakit May Kahapon Pa? (1996), Mariano Mison…NBI (1997), Sambahin ang Ngalan Mo (1998), Deathrow (2000), Bahid (2002), Mano Po III: My Love (2004), ICU Bed #7 (2005), Blue Moon (2006), Bwakaw (2012), ML, and Rainbow’s Sunset (both in 2018).

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In 2013, Garcia claimed to have appeared in over 400 films.[105] Estimates from other sources vary, ranging from 300,[6] 500,[106] 600,[107] to nearly 700—a number which usually includes television credits.[108]

References

  1. ^ a b Severo, Jan Milo (June 20, 2019). “Eddie Garcia, who was in comatose state, dies at 90”. The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on June 20, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
  2. ^ “WATCH: The life and roles of screen icon Eddie Garcia”. ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on June 20, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019. Along with his virility, his real age was one of the hilarious aspects of his showbiz publicty. It was only recently that he revealed he was born May 2, 1929 in Sorsogon.
  3. ^ a b c d Agbayani, Claire (December 6, 2002). “The Simple Truth About Eddie Garcia”. The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
  4. ^ Mateo, Pilar (July 26, 2012). “Eddie Garcia: ‘One of these days, I’ll follow Dolphy, and I have everything prepared’“. Interaksyon.com. Archived from the original on July 31, 2012. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
  5. ^ a b c Reyes, Isidra. “The public and private lives of Eddie Garcia”. ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on June 24, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2019.
  6. ^ a b Severo, Jan Milo (June 24, 2019). “Stars to fight for National Artist award for Eddie Garcia”. The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on June 30, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2026.
  7. ^ a b c Sampayan, Jacs T. (June 20, 2019). “Eddie Garcia on life as the reluctant icon: “Whatever it is, do it well”“. ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on June 24, 2019. Retrieved June 26, 2019.
  8. ^ a b c “Eddie Garcia: Not getting older, just getting better – Conversation with Ricky F. Lo”. The Philippine Star. December 17, 2000. Archived from the original on February 2, 2026. Retrieved February 2, 2026.
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference PNAGovPH-Army was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ a b c d San Diego Jr., Bayani (May 18, 2012). “‘Manoy’ for all seasons”. Entertainment Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2026.
  11. ^ Policarpio, Allan (June 21, 2019). “Eddie Garcia, 90: Class act, suave star, beloved ‘Manoy’“. Inquirer.net. Archived from the original on October 7, 2025. Retrieved February 2, 2026.
  12. ^ a b Salterio, Leah C. (June 20, 2019). “Eddie Garcia passes away at 90”. ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on June 20, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
  13. ^ ““I’m not a dreamer. I’m a realist.”—Eddie Garcia”. Esquire Philippines. Archived from the original on December 19, 2018.
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  16. ^ Valle, Jocelyn (February 29, 2020). “Eddie Garcia: The Idol”. Philippine Entertainment Portal. Archived from the original on April 22, 2023. Retrieved February 3, 2026.
  17. ^ a b What I’ve Learned: Eddie Garcia Reflects on His Very Long Career (YouTube video) (in English and Filipino). Esquire Philippines. October 31, 2018. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021.
  18. ^ Aguilar, Krissy (June 20, 2019). “Remembering Eddie Garcia’s long list of recognition as an artist”. Entertainment Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 20, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2026.
  19. ^ Zulueta, Lito B. “EDDIE GARCIA: Actor, director, icon, Philippine cinema’s one-man totem pole”. Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino (MPP). MPP. Archived from the original on December 8, 2010. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
  20. ^ San Diego Jr., Bayani (December 17, 2012). “Eddie Garcia wins best actor at Asia Pacific fest”. Entertainment Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 18, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
  21. ^ Yeatter, Bryan L. (September 4, 2007). Cinema of the Philippines: A History and Filmography, 1897-2005. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-7864-3047-5.
  22. ^ Salterio, Leah C. (January 23, 2021). “Tony Ferrer and the 200 films that made him an icon”. ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on January 23, 2025. Retrieved February 4, 2025.
  23. ^ Amoyo, Aster (April 13, 2007). “Naka-21 Agent X44 movies si Tony Ferrer”. The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on December 24, 2024. Retrieved February 4, 2026.
  24. ^ Del Mundo, Clodualdo; Trofeo, Dik (2022). Ang Daigdig Ng Mga Api: Remembering a Lost Film [The World of the Oppressed]. De La Salle University Publishing House. p. 110. ISBN 978-971-555-699-6.
  25. ^ Sebastiampillai, Chrishandra (August 31, 2024). Stardom, Film Couples and Love Teams in 1970s Philippine Cinema. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-3995-2102-4.
  26. ^ a b Anarcon, James Patrick (June 21, 2019). “Eddie Garcia: Award-winning movies & TV shows over 7 decades”. Philippine Entertainment Portal. Archived from the original on August 19, 2025. Retrieved February 4, 2026.
  27. ^ Tariman, Pablo (July 24, 2013). “Revisiting Brocka’s 1971 gay classic”. Rappler. Archived from the original on July 26, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2026.
  28. ^ Valera, Nini (September 7, 2006). Been there, done that. Philippine Daily Inquirer. p. 39.
  29. ^ Dipasupil, Ester (August 30, 1996). Keeping in character. Manila Standard. p. 36.
  30. ^ Tariman, Pablo A. (August 12, 2014). “Lino Brocka’s Tubog sa Ginto MHL circa 1971”. The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2026.
  31. ^ Torre, Nestor (July 28, 2001). Lino Brocka remembered. Philippine Daily Inquirer. p. 42.
  32. ^ Zafra, Jessica (March 26, 2010). “Then they got to the end”. The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on February 4, 2026. Retrieved February 4, 2026.
  33. ^ Dormiendo, Justino (April 7, 1987). Looking for the Filipino in film. Manila Standard. p. 14.
  34. ^ San Diego Jr., Bayani (March 20, 2006). An A for B movies. Philippine Daily Inquirer. p. 36.
  35. ^ Parish, James Robert., and George H. Hill. Black Action Films: Plots, Critiques, Casts, and Credits for 235 Theatrical and Made-for-Television Releases. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 1989. Print.
  36. ^ “Big Rental Films of 1973”, Variety, January 9, 1974, p. 60
  37. ^ Donahue, Suzanne Mary (1987). American film distribution : the changing marketplace. UMI Research Press. p. 301. ISBN 978-0-8357-1776-2.
  38. ^ Lo, Ricky (November 14, 2008). “Body Talk with Eva Reyes”. The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on February 5, 2026. Retrieved February 5, 2026.
  39. ^ “For the Record: FPJ film top grosser”. The Times Journal. June 1973. Roda Productions’ “Nueva Vizcaya,” winner of the coveted Rajah Soliman Award for best motion picture and six other individual awards, was third in the overall ladder with P461,405.
  40. ^ Lo, Ricky (November 21, 2020). “Directors & films most associated with them”. The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on February 4, 2026. Retrieved February 4, 2026.
  41. ^ Torre, Nestor (August 12, 2000). Eddie Garcia Goes Back To Directing With Lorna Tolentmo Starrer. Philippine Daily Inquirer. p. 43.
  42. ^ “Look Back: Eddie Garcia – beloved actor, acclaimed director”. Rappler. June 20, 2019. Archived from the original on August 1, 2022. Retrieved February 4, 2026.
  43. ^ Tomada, Nathalie (December 26, 2023). “No ‘hysterics,’ just sweet, simple love story for comeback of Vilma-Christopher teamup”. The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved February 9, 2026.
  44. ^ Valera, Nini (January 8, 2007). Modern dimension. Philippine Daily Inquirer. p. 48.
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