Afraflacilla: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{Automatic taxobox

| ~~taxon~~ = ~~Afraflacilla~~

| =

| image = Afraflacilla-sp-nov-whyte-A-Field-Guide-to-Spiders-of-Australia.jpg

| image_caption = An undescribed ”Afraflacilla” species, Tennant Creek NT Australia

| image2 =

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| authority = Berland & Millot, 1941

| image2_caption =

| taxon = Afraflacilla

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| authority = Berland & Millot, 1941

| type_species=””[[Afraflacilla bamakoi]]”

| type_species_authority = Berland & Millot, 1941

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision = 42, [[#Species|see text]]

| subdivision = , [[#Species|see text]]

}}

[[File:Afraflacilla-grayorum-whyte-A Field Guide to Spiders of Australia.jpg|alt= Afraflacilla grayorum from Kiwirrkurra Indigenous Protected Area in the Gibson Desert, Western Australia|thumb|”Afraflacilla grayorum” from Kiwirrkurra Indigenous Protected Area in the Gibson Desert, Western Australia]]

””’Afraflacilla””’ is a [[genus]] of the [[spider]] family [[Salticidae]] (jumping spiders).<ref name=”:1″>{{Cite web |last=Bern |first=Natural History Museum |title=Gen. Afraflacilla Berland & Millot, 1941 |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/2477/Afraflacilla |access-date=24 April 2024 |website=World Spider Catalog |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Żabka|first=Marek|date=1993|title=Salticidae (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Oriental, Australian and Pacific Regions. IX.* Genera Afrajlacilla Berland & Millot 1941 and Evarcha Simon 1902|journal=Invertebrate Taxonomy|volume=7|issue=2|pages=279–295|doi=10.1071/it9930279}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Żabka|first=Marek|date=2002|title=Salticidae (Arachnida: Araneae) from Oriental, Australian and Pacific regions, XVI. New species of Grayenulla and Afraflacilla.|journal=Records of the Australian Museum|volume=54|issue=3|pages=269–274|doi=10.3853/j.0067-1975.54.2002.1366|doi-access=free}}</ref> Most species are distributed in Eastern to Northern [[Africa]] (including the [[Middle East]]) and [[Australia]], with two species (”A. epiblemoides and A. tarajalis”) found in [[Europe]]. This genus was for a time included in the genus ”[[Pseudicius]]”, and the boundaries between both genera are disputed. In 2016 Jerzy Prószyński erected the genus ”Psenuc” for some borderline species.<ref name=”:1″ /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prószyński|first=Jerzy|date=2016|title=Delimitation and description of 19 new genera, a subgenus and a species of Salticidae (Araneae) of the world.|journal=Ecologica Montenegrina|volume=7|pages=4–32|doi=10.37828/em.2016.7.1|doi-access=free}}</ref> The name ”Afraflacilla” is combined from [[Africa]], where most earlier described species were found, and ”Flacilla” Simon, 1901, an obsolete salticid genus now called ”[[Flacillula]]” Strand, 1932. This genus name is in turn derived from [[Aelia Flaccilla]], wife of [[Roman Emperor]] [[Theodosius I]]. ”Afraflacilla”, ”[[Pseudicius]]”, ”[[Festucula]]” and ”[[Marchena]]” are close relatives and form a [[monophyletic]] group.

””’Afraflacilla””’ is a [[genus]] of the [[spider]] family [[Salticidae]] (jumping spiders).<ref name=”wsc” /><ref name=”fix1″ /><ref name=”fix2″ /> Most species are distributed in Eastern to Northern [[Africa]] (including the [[Middle East]]) and [[Australia]], with two species (”A. epiblemoides and A. tarajalis”) found in [[Europe]].

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Afraflacilla species have tubercles and bristles (on the sides of the carapace near the eyes and on their legs) which they rub together to make sounds used in courtship and possibly defence. The line of small tubercles (sharp knobs) under the eyes on the side of the carapace are usually visible to the naked eye.~~>{{Cite~~ ~~book|title~~=A ~~Field Guide to Spiders of Australia CSIRO|last=Whyte|first=Robert|publisher=CSIRO Publishing|year=2017|isbn=9780643107076|location=Australia}}<~~/~~ref~~>

This genus was for a time included in the genus ”[[Pseudicius]]”, and the boundaries between both genera are disputed. In 2016 Jerzy Prószyński erected the genus ”Psenuc” for some borderline species.<ref name=”wsc” /><ref name=”fix3″ /> The name ”Afraflacilla” is combined from [[Africa]], where most earlier described species were found, and ”Flacilla” [[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1901, an obsolete salticid genus now called ”[[Flacillula]]” [[Embrik Strand|Strand]], 1932. This genus name is in turn derived from [[Aelia Flaccilla]], wife of [[Roman Emperor]] [[Theodosius I]]. ”Afraflacilla”, ”[[Pseudicius]]”, ”[[Festucula]]” and ”[[Marchena]]” are close relatives and form a [[monophyletic]] group.

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== ”Afraflacilla” in Australia ==

”Afraflacilla” species in Australia include ”A. grayorum, A. gunbar”, ”A.” ”huntorum”, ”A.” ”milledgei”, ”A.” ”stridulator”, ”A.” ”vestjensi” and ”A.” ”yeni”. In Australia they occupy tree trunks in deserts, savanna woodland and in open [[sclerophyll]] forests from south west Western Australia to Cape York Queensland, mostly in warmer regions. There are many undescribed Australian species. ”Afraflacilla grayorum” Grays’ stridulating jumping spider, found in northern Australian deserts, was named in honour of Michael and Greta Gray.<ref name=”:0″~~>{{Cite~~ ~~web|url=http:~~/~~/www.arachne.org.au/01_cms/advanced_search.asp?varKeyword=afraflacilla&action=search&imageField.x=0&imageField.y=0|title=ARACHNE.ORG.AU|website=www.arachne.org.au|access-date=2017-05-24}}</ref~~>

The male [[palpal bulb|palpal organ]] of many Australian ”Afraflacilla” species has a large, circling embolus (inseminating sclerite) and retro-lateral tibial apophysis (side spike). Some undescribed Australian ”Afraflacilla” species have greatly enlarged segments of the first pair of legs, and sometimes massive spurs coming from underneath the tibia and metatarsus (third and second last leg segments). Enlarged leg-one segments are also a feature of ”[[Pseudicius]]”, a genus widespread outside Australia.<ref name=”:0″ />

==Species==

[[File:Afraflacilla-palps-whyte-A-Field-Guide-to-Spiders-of-Australia.jpg|alt= Palpal organs of two species of undescribed Australian Afraflacilla showing the obviously different places on the imaginary clock face at which the embolus arises. These are diagnostic for species, in combination with other characters.|thumb|Palpal organs of two species of undescribed Australian ”Afraflacilla” showing the obviously different places on the imaginary clock face at which the embolus arises. These are diagnostic for species, in combination with other characters.]]

{{As of|2024|4}}, the [[World Spider Catalog]] accepted the following species:<ref name=”:1″ />

{{as of|2025|10}}, this genus includes 51 species:<ref name=”wsc” />

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* ”[[Afraflacilla ~~adavathurensis~~]]” ~~Sampathkumar~~ & ~~Caleb~~, ~~2023~~ – ~~[[India]]~~

* ”[[Afraflacilla ~~albopunctata~~]]” ~~Wesołowska~~ & ~~Russell-Smith~~, ~~2022~~ – [[~~Ivory Coast~~]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla ]]” & , – [[]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla ~~altera~~]]” (Wesołowska, ~~2000)~~ – [[~~Zimbabwe~~]], [[~~South~~ ~~Africa~~]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla ]]” Wesołowska, – [[]], [[ ]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla ~~antineae~~]]” (~~Denis~~, ~~1954~~) – [[~~Algeria~~]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla ]]” (, ) – [[]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla antineae]]” ([[:species:Jacques Denis|Denis]], 1954) – [[Algeria]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla arabica]]” Wesołowska & van Harten, 1994 – [[Egypt]], [[Yemen]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla asorotica]]” (Simon, 1890) – [[~~Saudi Arabia~~]], [[Israel]], Yemen

* ”[[Afraflacilla asorotica]]” (Simon, 1890) – [[]], [[Israel]], Yemen

* ”[[Afraflacilla ballarini]]” Cao & Li, 2016 – [[China]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla bamakoi]]” Berland & Millot, 1941 – [[Mali]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla banni]]” Prajapati, Tatu & Kamboj, 2021 – India

* ”[[Afraflacilla berlandi]]” Denis, 1955 – [[Libya]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla berlandi]]” Denis, 1955 – Libya

* ”[[Afraflacilla bipunctata]]” (G. W. Peckham & E. G. Peckham, 1903) – South Africa

* ”[[Afraflacilla braunsi]]” (G. W. Peckham & E. G. Peckham, 1903) – South Africa, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Turkmenistan]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla datuntata]]” (Logunov & Zamanpoore, 2005) – Afghanistan

* ”[[Afraflacilla elegans]]” (Wesołowska & Cumming, 2008) – Zimbabwe, South Africa

* ”[[Afraflacilla elegans]]” (Wesołowska & Cumming, 2008) Zimbabwe, South Africa

* ”[[Afraflacilla epiblemoides]]” (Chyzer, 1891) – [[Central ~~Europe|Central]]~~, [[Eastern Europe]], [[Turkey]], [[Armenia]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla epiblemoides]]” (Chyzer, 1891) – Central, Eastern Europe, [[Turkey]], [[Armenia]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla eximia]]” (Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2000) – [[Tanzania]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla fayda]]” (Wesołowska & van Harten, 2010) – United Arab Emirates

* ”[[Afraflacilla flavipes]]” (Caporiacco, 1935) – Turkmenistan, [[Pakistan]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla goaensis]]” Gawas & Tripathi, 2024 – India

* ”[[Afraflacilla grayorum]]” Żabka, 1993 – [[~~Western~~ Australia]], [[Queensland]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla grayorum]]” Żabka, 1993 – [[Australia]], Queensland

* ”[[Afraflacilla gunbar]]” Żabka & Gray, 2002 – [[New South Wales]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla gunbar]]” Żabka & Gray, 2002 – New South Wales

* ”[[Afraflacilla histrionica]]” (Simon, 1902) – South Africa

* ”[[Afraflacilla huntorum]]” Żabka, 1993 – Western Australia, [[Victoria ~~(Australia~~)~~|Victoria]]~~

* ”[[Afraflacilla huntorum]]” Żabka, 1993 – Western Australia, Victoria)

* ”[[Afraflacilla imitator]]” (Wesołowska & Haddad, 2013) – South Africa

* ”[[Afraflacilla javanica]]” (Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012) – [[~~Java~~]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla javanica]]” (Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012) – [[]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla karinae]]” (Haddad & Wesołowska, 2011) – South Africa

* ”[[Afraflacilla kerala]]” Babu, Tripathi & Caleb, 2023 – India

* ”[[Afraflacilla kraussi]]” (Marples, 1964) – [[Marshall Islands~~|Marshall Is.~~]], [[Cook Islands~~|Cook Is.~~]], [[Samoa]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla kraussi]]” (Marples, 1964) – [[Marshall Islands]], [[Cook Islands]], [[Samoa]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla kurichiadensis]]” Sudhin, Nafin & Sudhikumar, 2022 – India

* ”[[Afraflacilla ~~miajlarensis~~]]” ~~Tripathi~~, ~~Jangid, Prajapati & Siliwal, 2022~~ – ~~India~~

* ”[[Afraflacilla ]]” , –

* ”[[Afraflacilla miajlarensis]]” Tripathi, Jangid, Prajapati & Siliwal, 2022 – India

* ”[[Afraflacilla mikhailovi]]” (Prószyński, 2000) – Israel

* ”[[Afraflacilla mushrif]]” (Wesołowska & van Harten, 2010) – ~~Israel~~

* ”[[Afraflacilla mushrif]]” (Wesołowska & van Harten, 2010) –

* ”[[Afraflacilla philippinensis]]” (Prószyński, 1992) – [[Philippines]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla refulgens]]” (Wesołowska & Cumming, 2008) – Zimbabwe

* ”[[Afraflacilla reiskindi]]” (Prószyński, 1992) – [[Borneo]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla reiskindi]]” (Prószyński, 1992) – Borneo

* ”[[Afraflacilla risbeci]]” Berland & Millot, 1941 – [[Senegal]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla roberti]]” (Wesołowska, 2011) – [[Kenya]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla scenica]]” Denis, 1955 – [[Niger]]

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* ”[[Afraflacilla ]]” & , –

* ”[[Afraflacilla similis]]” Berland & Millot, 1941 – Senegal

* ”[[Afraflacilla spiniger]]” (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) – Egypt to [[South Sudan]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla spiniger]]” (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) – Egypt to South Sudan

* ”[[Afraflacilla stridulator]]” Żabka, 1993 – Western Australia

* ”[[Afraflacilla tamaricis]]” (Simon, 1885) – [[North Africa]], Israel, Saudi Arabia, Yemen

* ”[[Afraflacilla tamaricis]]” (Simon, 1885) – North Africa, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Yemen

* ”[[Afraflacilla tarajalis]]” Miñano & Tamajón, 2017 – [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Morocco]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla venustula]]” (Wesołowska & Haddad, 2009) – South Africa

* ”[[Afraflacilla ~~vestjensi~~]]” ~~Żabka~~, ~~1993~~ – [[~~Northern Territory~~]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla ]]” , – [[]]

* ”[[Afraflacilla vestjensi]]” Żabka, 1993 – Australia (Northern Territory)

* ”[[Afraflacilla wadis]]” (Prószyński, 1989) – Saudi Arabia, Israel, Yemen

* ”[[Afraflacilla yeni]]” Żabka, 1993 – Victoria

* ”[[Afraflacilla zuluensis]]” (Haddad & Wesołowska, 2013) – South Africa

== References ==

{{Reflist

<ref name=”wsc”>{{cite web | url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/2477 | title=Gen. ”Afraflacilla” Berland & Millot, 1941 | publisher=World Spider Catalog | doi=10.24436/2 | accessdate=2025-10-07}}</ref>

<ref name=”:0″>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arachne.org.au/01_cms/advanced_search.asp?varKeyword=afraflacilla&action=search&imageField.x=0&imageField.y=0|title=ARACHNE.ORG.AU|website=www.arachne.org.au|access-date=2017-05-24}}</ref>

<ref name=”fix1″>{{Cite journal|last=Żabka|first=Marek|date=1993|title=Salticidae (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Oriental, Australian and Pacific Regions. IX.* Genera Afrajlacilla Berland & Millot 1941 and Evarcha Simon 1902|journal=Invertebrate Taxonomy|volume=7|issue=2|pages=279–295|doi=10.1071/it9930279}}</ref>

<ref name=”fix2″>{{Cite journal|last=Żabka|first=Marek|date=2002|title=Salticidae (Arachnida: Araneae) from Oriental, Australian and Pacific regions, XVI. New species of Grayenulla and Afraflacilla.|journal=Records of the Australian Museum|volume=54|issue=3|pages=269–274|doi=10.3853/j.0067-1975.54.2002.1366|doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name=”fix3″>{{Cite journal|last=Prószyński|first=Jerzy|date=2016|title=Delimitation and description of 19 new genera, a subgenus and a species of Salticidae (Araneae) of the world.|journal=Ecologica Montenegrina|volume=7|pages=4–32|doi=10.37828/em.2016.7.1|doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name=”fix4″>{{Cite book|title=A Field Guide to Spiders of Australia CSIRO|last=Whyte|first=Robert|publisher=CSIRO Publishing|year=2017|isbn=9780643107076|location=Australia}}</ref>

}}

Afraflacilla: Difference between revisions – Wikipedia

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