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== Sunassura II == |
== Sunassura II == |
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King Sunassura II of Kizzuwatna is posited by some scholars. He would have ruled at the time of [[Tudhaliya II]] and [[Shaushtatar|Sauštatar]] of Mittani. This was the time of conflict between Mittani and Hatti.<ref>Bryce 2005 |
King Sunassura II of Kizzuwatna is posited by some scholars. He would have ruled at the time of [[Tudhaliya II]] and [[Shaushtatar|Sauštatar]] of Mittani. This was the time of conflict between Mittani and Hatti.<ref>Bryce 2005 127-128Freu 2007: 87Weeden 2022: .</ref> It was perhaps in this context that Tudḫaliya II concluded his unequal treaty with Šunaššura II of Kizzuwatna, recalling that country’s earlier treaty under Tudḫaliya II’s grandfather.<ref>Beckman 1996: 14-22; Freu 2007: 87-96, for whom the grandfather is Tudḫaliya I; Weeden 2024: 566.</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Latest revision as of 00:55, 24 October 2025
Sunassura (Šunaššura) was the last independent king of Kizzuwatna in ancient Anatolia, ruling in 1430-1400 BC.
A dispute between Sunassura and Niqmepa of Alalakh was adjudicated by King Shaushtatar of Mitanni. This is recorded on two tablets (AIT 13 and AIT 14) that were found at Alalakh.[1]
Sunassura’s treaty with the Hittite king Tudḫaliya I marked the end of Kizzuwatna’s independence. Later Kizzuwatna was integrated into the Hittite state.
Before Sunassura, under king Pilliya, Kizzuwatna was under the Mitanni overlordship.[2] The region was strategically important for the Hittites because of its location connecting Anatolia and Syria. In the treaty between Tudhaliya and Sunassura, the city of Urshu marked the eastern frontier of Kizzuwatna.[3]
Some scholars have proposed that there were actually two separate and successive treaties between Tudhaliya of the Hittites and Sunassura of Kizzuwatna. For example, Jacques Freu posited that ‘the Šunaššura Treaty’ reflects successive equal and unequal treaty arrangements under two different sets of kings on both sides.[4] Thus, Freu makes a distinction between two 15th-century BC Hittite great kings named Tudḫaliya.
Gary Beckman, on the other hand, thinks that these two were successive arrangements under a single Hittite king.[5] In other words, while only one Hittite king Tudhaliya reigned for a long time, there were two successive Kizzuwatnan kings, Sunassura I and Sunassura II, who interacted with the Hittite empire.
King Sunassura II of Kizzuwatna is posited by some scholars. He would have ruled at the time of Tudhaliya II and Sauštatar of Mittani. This was the time of conflict between Mittani and Hatti.[6][7][8] It was perhaps in this context that Tudḫaliya II concluded his unequal treaty with Šunaššura II of Kizzuwatna, recalling that country’s earlier treaty under Tudḫaliya II’s grandfather.[9]
- ^ Martino, Stefano de (2024-02-19). “The Mittanian Cuneiform Documents: The Interplay between Content, Language, Material, Format, and Sealing Practices”. The Ancient World Revisited: Material Dimensions of Written Artefacts. De Gruyter. p. 207–220. doi:10.1515/9783111360805-007. ISBN 978-3-11-136080-5. Retrieved 2025-10-19.
- ^ Amir Gilan 2019, The Case of Kizzuwatna. in Billie Jean Collins (ed), Religious Convergence in the Ancient Mediterranean. Lockwood Press. p.180
- ^ Gojko Barjamovic (2011). A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period. p. 203. ISBN 9788763536455.
- ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer (2007), Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite, Paris. pp.23-27.
- ^ Beckman, Gary (1996), Hittite Diplomatic Texts, Atlanta: 13-14
- ^ Bryce, Trevor (2005), The Kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford. 127-128
- ^ Freu 2007: 87
- ^ Weeden, Mark (2022), “The Hittite Empire,” in Karen Radner et al. (eds.), The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, vol. 3 (From the * Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC), Oxford: 529-622. p.566
- ^ Beckman 1996: 14-22; Freu 2007: 87-96, for whom the grandfather is Tudḫaliya I; Weeden 2024: 566.
- Beal, Richard H (1986). “The History of Kizzuwatna and the Date of the Šunaššura Treaty”. Orientalia. Vol. 55. pp. 424ff.
- Börker-Klähn, J. 1996. Grenzfälle: Šunaššura und Sirkeli oder die Geschichte Kizzuwatnas. UF 28: 37–104.
- HOUWINK TEN CATE, PHILO H. J.. “An alternative Date for the Sunassuras Treaty (KBo 1.5)” Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 25, no. 1, 1998, pp. 34-53
- Wilhelm, G. 2011. Vertrag Tutḫaliyas I. mit Šunaššura von Kizzuwatna (1. akk. Fassung; CTH 41.I.1).
- Wilhelm, G., “Zur ersten Zeile des Šunaššura-Vertrages”, in: Documentum Asiae Minoris Antiquae. Festschrift fur Heinrich Otten zum 75. Geburtstag, Neu, E. / Rüster, Chr. (éds.). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 1988, 359-370.
