The ruler Isin [[Ur-du-kuga]] is known (Cone IM 95461 found at Isin) to have built a cultic center of the god [[Lulal]] at Du<sub>6</sub>-eden-na (Dul-edena) which lay on the Iturungal canal.<ref>Glenn, Anna and Peterson, Jeremiah, “The Lulal širgida Composition CBS 12590 (HAV 5, pl. 7, VIII)”, Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 168-181, 2018</ref><ref>Douglas Frayne, “ISIN”, Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 B.C.): Early Periods, Volume 4, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 5-106, 1990</ref>
The ruler Isin [[Ur-du-kuga]] is known (Cone IM 95461 found at Isin) to have built a cultic center of the god [[Lulal]] at Du<sub>6</sub>-eden-na (Dul-edena) which lay on the Iturungal canal.<ref>Glenn, Anna and Peterson, Jeremiah, “The Lulal širgida Composition CBS 12590 (HAV 5, pl. 7, VIII)”, Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 168-181, 2018</ref><ref>Douglas Frayne, “ISIN”, Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 B.C.): Early Periods, Volume 4, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 5-106, 1990</ref>
[[An-am]], an Old Babylonian period ruler of [[Uruk]] recorded building a temple for the goddess [[Kanisurra]], who was called the “mistress of the Iturungal”.<ref>Steinkeller, Piotr, “New light on the hydrology and topography of southern Babylonia in the third millennium”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 91, iss. 1, pp. 22-84, 2001</ref>
It has been suggested that Babylon ruler [[Sin-Muballit]] damned or diverted the Iturungal to defeat the city of [[Isin]].<ref>Boivin, Odette, “Geographical and chronological considerations”. The First Dynasty of the Sealand in Mesopotamia, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 60-85, 2018</ref>
It has been suggested that Babylon ruler [[Sin-Muballit]] damned or diverted the Iturungal to defeat the city of [[Isin]].<ref>Boivin, Odette, “Geographical and chronological considerations”. The First Dynasty of the Sealand in Mesopotamia, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 60-85, 2018</ref>
Earlier it was believed that it branched off the Euphrates (or was actually a branch of that river) near Sippar then went on to Kish and then Nippur.[1] An alternate view had it leaving the Euphrates north of Nippur passing on to Adab, then south to Zabalam, Umma, and Badtibira at which point it returned to the Euphrates. The Sirara canal branched off the Iturungal canal at Zabalam and proceded to Lagash in this view.[2][3]
Iturungal canal is generally considered to have originated at the the Tigris river downstream from Karkar and flowed to the Euphrates river.[4]
It is known that there were sub branches off the Iturungal including Íd-Ninaki-du-a and Nanna-gú-gal. The city of Kutalla lay on such a branch that also ran to Bad-tibira.[5]
“Two effluents took off from the left bank of the Iturungal, the Id-Ninaki-gen-a, which over Bzeikh (Zabalam) flowed to Telloh (Girsu), al Hibba (Uru-ku, Lagas?), and Surghul (Nina), and an anonymous branch which takes off from a point north of Mansuriyah, passes well to the east of Madi-nah (Bäd-tibira), and continues south-east down to a small mound also called Madi-nah. A branch takes off from the right bank and runs to Tell Sifr (Kutalla).”[6]
A survey of some of the course of the canal near Girsu found a number of archaeological mound sating to the Early Dynastic period with some continuing into the Old Babylonian period.[7]
History
Ur III ruler Amar-Suena is known, in his years 2 to 6, to have built a canal (i₇-dAmar-dEN.ZU-ĝar/ĝa₂-ra) joining the Euphrates to the Iturungal. It was located in the area between between Kisurra and Adab.[8]
The ruler Isin Ur-du-kuga is known (Cone IM 95461 found at Isin) to have built a cultic center of the god Lulal at Du6-eden-na (Dul-edena) which lay on the Iturungal canal.[9][10]
An-am, an Old Babylonian period ruler of Uruk recorded building a temple for the goddess Kanisurra, who was called the “mistress of the Iturungal”.[11]
It has been suggested that Babylon ruler Sin-Muballit damned or diverted the Iturungal to defeat the city of Isin.[12]
References
- ^ Ahmed, Sami Said, “Geographical Framework”, Southern Mesopotamia in the time of Ashurbanipal, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 17-26, 1968
- ^ Jacobsen, Thorkild, “Early Political Development in Mesopotamia”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 52, no. Jahresband, pp. 91-140, 1957
- ^ Westenholz, J. G., & Westenholz, A., “Part II Royal Inscriptions”, in Cuneiform Inscriptions in the Collection of the Bible Lands Museum Jerusalem, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, pp. 83–104, 2006
- ^ Abraham, Kathleen, “Kaštiliašu and the Sumundar Canal: A New Middle Babylonian Royal Inscription”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 183-195, 2013
- ^ Thorkild Jacobsen, “The Waters of Ur”, Toward the Image of Tammuz and Other Essays on Mesopotamian History and Culture, Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press, pp. 231-244, 1970
- ^ Steinkeller, Piotr, “New Light on the Hydrology and Topography of Southern Babylonia in the Third Millennium”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 22-84, 2001
- ^ [1]Jacobsen, Th., “A Survey of Girsu (Telloh) Region”, Sumer 25, pp. 103-110, 1969
- ^ D’Agostino, F., & Romano, L., “Two New Inscribed Bricks from Abu Tbeirah (Southern Iraq)”, In The Third Millennium, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, pp. 259–269, 2020
- ^ Glenn, Anna and Peterson, Jeremiah, “The Lulal širgida Composition CBS 12590 (HAV 5, pl. 7, VIII)”, Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 168-181, 2018
- ^ Douglas Frayne, “ISIN”, Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 B.C.): Early Periods, Volume 4, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 5-106, 1990
- ^ Steinkeller, Piotr, “New light on the hydrology and topography of southern Babylonia in the third millennium”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 91, iss. 1, pp. 22-84, 2001
- ^ Boivin, Odette, “Geographical and chronological considerations”. The First Dynasty of the Sealand in Mesopotamia, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 60-85, 2018
- Carroué, François, “Études de géographie et de topographie sumériennes III: L’Iturungal et le sud sumérien”, Acta Sumerologica 15, pp. 11-69, 1993
