””’Ilex anomala””’, commonly known as ”’Hawai’i holly”’, ”’kāwaʻu”’, or ”’ʻaiea”’ in Hawaii, is a [[species]] of [[holly]]. It is native to the Hawaiian Islands and the [[Marquesas Islands]] and [[Society Islands]] of [[French Polynesia]].
””’Ilex anomala””’, commonly known as ”’Hawai’i holly”’, ”’kāwaʻu”’, or ”’ʻaiea”’ in Hawaii, is a [[species]] of [[holly]]. It is native to the Hawaiian Islands and the [[Marquesas Islands]] and [[Society Islands]] of [[French Polynesia]].
On Hawaii it inhabits [[Hawaiian tropical rainforests#Mixed mesic forests|mixed mesic]] and [[Hawaiian tropical rainforests#Wet forests|wet forests]] at elevations of 600–1,400 m (2,000–4,600 ft) on all main islands. In the Marquesas Islands it is a characteristic canopy tree in low-canopied cloud forests above 1000 meters elevation, along with the trees ”[[Cheirodendron bastardianum]]” and ”[[Metrosideros collina]]” and climbers of ”[[Freycinetia]]”.
On Hawaii it inhabits [[Hawaiian tropical rainforests#Mixed mesic forests|mixed mesic]] and [[Hawaiian tropical rainforests#Wet forests|wet forests]] at elevations of 600–1,400 m (2,000–4,600 ft) on all main islands. In the Marquesas Islands it is a characteristic canopy tree in low-canopied cloud forests above 1000 meters elevation, along with the trees ”[[Cheirodendron bastardianum]]” and ”[[Metrosideros collina]]” and climbers of ”[[Freycinetia]]”.
=== Description ===
=== Description ===
”‘The leaves are alternate, green, and elliptical with a leathery texture. The flowers come in clusters that are white in color. The flowers are followed by small round fruits (drupes) that are black when ripe with purple flesh. [5] It grows as either a shrub or a tree and can reach up to 30-60 feet tall with the trunk being about 1 foot in diameter. [6]”’
” leaves are alternate, green, and elliptical with a leathery texture. The flowers come in clusters that are white in color. The flowers are followed by small round fruits (drupes) that are black when ripe with purple flesh. 5 It grows as either a shrub or a tree and can reach up to 30-60 feet tall with the trunk being about 1 foot in diameter. 6
=== ”’Cultural Significance”’ ===
=== ”’Cultural Significance”’ ===
”’Early Hawaiians used the kāwaʻu tree to make an anvil, which was then used in the process of making a bark cloth, or tapa.[7] In addition to anvil making, it was prized for its use in trimming canoes and later, making saddle trees.[5]”’
Early Hawaiians used the kāwaʻu tree to make an anvil, which was then used in the process of making a bark cloth, or tapa. In addition to anvil making, it was prized for its use in trimming canoes and later, making saddle trees.[]
=== References ===
=== References ===
# “kawa’u, kaawa’u, ‘aiea”. Hawaii Ethnobotany Online Database. Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Archived from the original on 2020-01-26. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
# “kawa’u, kaawa’u, ‘aiea”. Hawaii Ethnobotany Online Database. Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Archived from the original on 2020-01-26. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
# “Marquesas tropical moist forests”. Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
# “Marquesas tropical moist forests”. Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
# ”’Little, E. L. (1989). ”Common Forest Trees of Hawaii: Native and Introduced” (Vol. 679). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. <nowiki>https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=KU8JVX00exgC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=%22Ilex+anomala%22+%22hawaiian+holly%22&ots=uTUnvwtsmk&sig=lwyHbprfIqNzqHr73MZQR3QfiIg</nowiki>”’
# Little, L. (1989). ”Common Forest Trees of Hawaii: Native and Introduced” Vol. 679. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. ..
# ”’Welsbacher, Anne (2003). ”Life in a rain forest”. Ecosystems in action. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-4685-6|<bdi>978-0-8225-4685-6</bdi>]].”’
# ”’Welsbacher, A. (2003). ”Life in a Rain Forest: The Hawaiian Islands”. Twenty-First Century Books. <nowiki>https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=86X9ryA0NKUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA6&dq=%22Ilex+anomala%22+%22hawaiian+holly%22&ots=XyhobUrwRk&sig=8IuUwDWJXjWo_S7NjqoX2-MQ__A</nowiki>”’
# ”’Krauss, Beatrice H.; Greig, Thelma F. (1994). ”Plants in Hawaiian culture”. A Kolowalu Book (2. print ed.). Honolulu: Univ. of Hawaii Press. p. 62. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1225-6|<bdi>978-0-8248-1225-6</bdi>]].”’
# ”'”Plants in Hawaiian Culture” by Beatrice H. Krauss, page 62.”’
# Wagner, Warren Lambert; Herbst, Derral R.; Sohmer, S. H. (1990). ”Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii”. Bishop Museum special publication. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press: Bishop Museum Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1152-5|<bdi>978-0-8248-1152-5</bdi>]].
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Ilex anomala, commonly known as Hawai’i holly, kāwaʻu, or ʻaiea in Hawaii, is a species of holly. It is native to the Hawaiian Islands and the Marquesas Islands and Society Islands of French Polynesia.
On Hawaii it inhabits mixed mesic and wet forests between the sub-canopy and upper canopy at elevations of 600–1,400 m (2,000–4,600 ft) on all main islands. In the Marquesas Islands it is a characteristic canopy tree in low-canopied cloud forests above 1000 meters elevation, along with the trees Cheirodendron bastardianum and Metrosideros collina and climbers of Freycinetia.
Hawai’i holly’s leaves are alternate, green, and elliptical with a leathery texture. The flowers come in clusters that are white in color. The flowers are followed by small round fruits (drupes) that are black when ripe with purple flesh.[1][2] .It grows as either a shrub or a tree and can reach up to 30-60 feet tall with the trunk being about 1 foot in diameter.[3][1]
Cultural Significance
[edit]
Early Hawaiians used the kāwaʻu tree to make an anvil, which was then used in the process of making a bark cloth, or tapa.[4] In addition to anvil making, it was prized for its use in trimming canoes and later, making saddle trees.[2]
- “Ilex anomala Hook. & Arn.” Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- Little Jr., Elbert L.; Roger G. Skolmen (1989). “Kāwaʻu, Hawaiian holly” (PDF). United States Forest Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
- “kawa’u, kaawa’u, ‘aiea”. Hawaii Ethnobotany Online Database. Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Archived from the original on 2020-01-26. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
- “Marquesas tropical moist forests”. Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
- Little, Elbert L.; Skolmen, Roger G. (1989). Common Forest Trees of Hawaii: Native and Introduced. Agriculture Handbook. Vol. 679. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. pp. 178–179.
- Welsbacher, Anne (2003). Life in a rain forest. Ecosystems in action. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co. ISBN 978-0-8225-4685-6.
- Krauss, Beatrice H.; Greig, Thelma F. (1994). Plants in Hawaiian culture. A Kolowalu Book (2. print ed.). Honolulu: Univ. of Hawaii Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-8248-1225-6.
- Wagner, Warren Lambert; Herbst, Derral R.; Sohmer, S. H. (1990). Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum special publication. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press: Bishop Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1152-5.
- ^ a b Little, Elbert L.; Skolmen, Roger G. (1989). Common Forest Trees of Hawaii: Native and Introduced. Agriculture Handbook. Vol. 679. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. pp. 178–179.
- ^ Wagner, Warren Lambert; Herbst, Derral R.; Sohmer, S. H. (1990). Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum special publication. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press : Bishop Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1152-5.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - ^ Welsbacher, Anne (2003). Life in a rain forest. Ecosystems in action. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co. ISBN 978-0-8225-4685-6.
- ^ Krauss, Beatrice H.; Greig, Thelma F. (1994). Plants in Hawaiian culture. A Kolowalu Book (2. print ed.). Honolulu: Univ. of Hawaii Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-8248-1225-6.
