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Some of the prominent leaders of the movement were [[Jaipal Singh Munda]], [[Ram Narayan Singh|Ram Narayan]], [[Binod Bihari Mahato]], and [[Shibu Soren]]. |
Some of the prominent leaders of the movement were [[Jaipal Singh Munda]], [[Ram Narayan Singh|Ram Narayan]], [[Binod Bihari Mahato]], and [[Shibu Soren]]. |
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== Early historical roots (pre‑1940s): Tribal associations and demands == |
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== Early stages == |
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The demand for a separate tribal province goes back to the early 20th century, when educated tribal leaders and Christian missionaries began organizing social reform initiatives and political associations to address tribal concerns. One of the earliest such organizations was the Chotanagpur Unnati Samaj, which advocated for tribal rights and social development. In 1928, a delegation from the Chotanagpur Unnati Samaj submitted a memorandum to the [[Simon Commission]], advocating the creation of a separate province for the Jharkhand region.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mishra |first1=Asha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ul6fWJQOfzwC&dq=chotanagpur+unnati+samaj&pg=PA171 |title=Tribal Movements in Jharkhand, 1857-2007 |last2=Paty |first2=Chittaranjan Kumar |date=2010 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-686-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=”:0″>{{Cite web |last=Tigga |first=Shubham |date=2025-11-20 |title=25 years after its formation, the story of Jharkhand |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/story-of-jharkhand-10367306/ |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> |
The demand for a separate tribal province goes back to the early 20th century, when educated tribal leaders and Christian missionaries began organizing social reform initiatives and political associations to address tribal concerns. One of the earliest such organizations was the Chotanagpur Unnati Samaj, which advocated for tribal rights and social development. In 1928, a delegation from the Chotanagpur Unnati Samaj submitted a memorandum to the [[Simon Commission]], advocating the creation of a separate province for the Jharkhand region.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mishra |first1=Asha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ul6fWJQOfzwC&dq=chotanagpur+unnati+samaj&pg=PA171 |title=Tribal Movements in Jharkhand, 1857-2007 |last2=Paty |first2=Chittaranjan Kumar |date=2010 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-686-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=”:0″>{{Cite web |last=Tigga |first=Shubham |date=2025-11-20 |title=25 years after its formation, the story of Jharkhand |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/story-of-jharkhand-10367306/ |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> |
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In 1938 the various associations merged into a more inclusive umbrella group Chotanagpur-Santhal Pargana Adivasi Sabha. By 1939, it evolved into Adivasi Mahasabha, under whose banner the demand for a separate territorial identity became more explicit.<ref name=”:0″ /> |
In 1938 the various associations merged into a more inclusive umbrella group Chotanagpur-Santhal Pargana Adivasi Sabha. By 1939, it evolved into Adivasi Mahasabha, under whose banner the demand for a separate territorial identity became more explicit.<ref name=”:0″ /> |
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== Intermediate phase (1950s–1960s): Political‑party beginnings == |
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After [[India independence|independence]], the tribal leaders realized that identity alone would not secure a separate state. There was a need for a political party that could contest elections and negotiate institutional change. From this emerged the [[Jharkhand Party]], founded in about 1949-1950, with the aim of realizing Jharkhand as a separate state within democratic procedures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-20 |title=UPSC Key: 25 years of 3 states, Tribunals Reforms Act, and Desi gene editing technology |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/upsc-current-affairs/upsc-key-25-years-3-states-tribunals-reforms-desi-gene-editing-technology-10376462/ |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Latest revision as of 04:32, 10 December 2025
Movement in India
The Jharkhand movement was a long-standing political and social struggle aimed at the creation of a separate Adivasi state for the tribal regions of southern Bihar,[1] which culminated in the formation of the state of Jharkhand on 15 November 2000.[2] This movement primarily advocated for the rights, identity, autonomy, and socio-economic development of the tribal and indigenous communities in the Chota Nagpur and Santhal Pargana regions.[3]
Some of the prominent leaders of the movement were Jaipal Singh Munda, Ram Narayan, Binod Bihari Mahato, and Shibu Soren.
Early historical roots (pre‑1940s): Tribal associations and demands
[edit]
The demand for a separate tribal province goes back to the early 20th century, when educated tribal leaders and Christian missionaries began organizing social reform initiatives and political associations to address tribal concerns. One of the earliest such organizations was the Chotanagpur Unnati Samaj, which advocated for tribal rights and social development. In 1928, a delegation from the Chotanagpur Unnati Samaj submitted a memorandum to the Simon Commission, advocating the creation of a separate province for the Jharkhand region.[4][5]
In the 1930s, different tribal associations including farmer organisations such as Chotanagpur Kisan Sabha and religious and caste‑specific associations, formed and expressed socio‑economic grievances, including land rights, exploitation by landlords (zamindars), and marginalization. These gradually coalesced into a broader tribal identity movement.[5]
In 1938 the various associations merged into a more inclusive umbrella group Chotanagpur-Santhal Pargana Adivasi Sabha. By 1939, it evolved into Adivasi Mahasabha, under whose banner the demand for a separate territorial identity became more explicit.[5]
After independence, the tribal leaders realized that identity alone would not secure a separate state. There was a need for a political party that could contest elections and negotiate institutional change. From this emerged the Jharkhand Party, founded in about 1949-1950, with the aim of realizing Jharkhand as a separate state within democratic procedures.[6]
- ^ Rekhi, Upjit Singh (1988). Jharkhand Movement in Bihar. Nunes Publishers.
- ^ Ekka, William; Sinha, R. K. (2004). Documentation of Jharkhand Movement. Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 978-81-85579-88-7.
- ^ Muṇḍā, Rāmadayāla; Mullick, S. Bosu (2003). The Jharkhand Movement: Indigenous Peoples’ Struggle for Autonomy in India. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs in collaboration with Bindrai Institute for Research Study and Action. ISBN 978-87-90730-72-7.
- ^ Mishra, Asha; Paty, Chittaranjan Kumar (2010). Tribal Movements in Jharkhand, 1857-2007. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-8069-686-2.
- ^ a b c Tigga, Shubham (2025-11-20). “25 years after its formation, the story of Jharkhand”. The Indian Express. Retrieved 2025-12-10.
- ^ “UPSC Key: 25 years of 3 states, Tribunals Reforms Act, and Desi gene editing technology”. The Indian Express. 2025-11-20. Retrieved 2025-12-10.
