==Background==
==Background==
Following the termination of the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]] in April 1890, [[Charles Crosthwaite]] noted that operations should no longer be a massive expedition, but rather focus on reconciliation with the tribes to reduce the expenditure of annexation. The Chin Hills were annexed, and two administrative units were proclaimed. The Northern Chin Hills, consisting of the [[Sukte people|Sukte]], Kam Hau, and Sizang, was established under Bertram S Carey at Fort White. The Southern Chin Hills, consisting of Taisun, Haka ([[Lai people|Lai]]) and independent tribes, was established under David Ross at Haka. A special allowance of {{currency|200|INR}} was established for the political officers. Falam was made the capital of the civil administration of the Chin Hills. Kan was linked with Haka and Fort Tregear and linked up the Lushai Hills with the Chin Hills.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=108}}
Following the termination of the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]] in April 1890, [[Charles Crosthwaite]] noted that operations should no longer be a massive expedition, but rather focus on reconciliation with the tribes to reduce the expenditure of annexation. The Chin Hills were annexed, and two administrative units were proclaimed. The Northern Chin Hills, consisting of the [[Sukte people|Sukte]], Kam Hau, and Sizang, was established under Bertram S Carey at Fort White. The Southern Chin Hills, consisting of Taisun, Haka ([[Lai people|Lai]]) and independent tribes, was established under David Ross at Haka. A special allowance of {{currency|200|INR}} was established for the political officers. Falam was made the capital of the civil administration of the Chin Hills. Kan was linked with Haka and Fort Tregear and linked up the Lushai Hills with the Chin Hills.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=108}}
==Conflict==
====
===Sizang submission===
===Sizang submission===
Bertram S Carey went on furlough, and Captain Frank Montagu Rundall, with Brigadier General Sir [[George Wolseley]], held a durbar with the Sizang chiefs. The Sizang chiefs took an oath of submission and friendship to the British Government, promising to surrender all slaves and halt all raiding into the plains, as well as cutting telegraph wires. A total of 17 Burman captives were released, with Rundall releasing two Sizang telegraph cutters in good faith. This agreement completed the Sizang submission, which had begun in January 1890.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=109}}
Bertram S Carey went on furlough, and Captain Frank Montagu Rundall, with Brigadier General Sir [[George Wolseley]], held a durbar with the Sizang chiefs. The Sizang chiefs took an oath of submission and friendship to the British Government, promising to surrender all slaves and halt all raiding into the plains, as well as cutting telegraph wires. A total of 17 Burman captives were released, with Rundall releasing two Sizang telegraph cutters in good faith. This agreement completed the Sizang submission, which had begun in January 1890.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=109}}
With the submission of the Sizangs, the Kam Hau Sukte were considered for negotiation. They had held out in resistance with the Sizangs during the Chin-Lushai Expedition. Captian Rundall tried to get in touch with the Kam Hau chiefs such as Khaw Cin of Kam Hau, Do Thawng of Mualbem and other Gungal village headmen. Do Thawng had escaped in January during the expedition and was trying to build a new village in Taisun territory with his loyal subjects. Khaw Cin had died in early September. This complicated matters as the Kam Hau were now split into two factions. One led by Za Tual and another by Za Tual’s nephew, Hau Cin Khup. Hau Cin Khup was an 18-year-old chief with little influence, so Rundall opened talks with Za Tual. He succeeded in good relations with Za Tual’s immediate famil,y but did not secure the submission of the whole clan. The Kam Hau began to raid villages in the Kalay and Kabaw valleys, killing and capturing subjects. The British launched an expedition at the Kam Hau for 1891. The military shifted its base of operations from Fort White to the Letha range. Captain Rundall organised a large column and moved into the main village of the Kam Hau known as Tedim. Negotiation with Hau Cin Khup failed. Rundall recorded the meeting with Hau Cin Khup. Rundall had explained to Hau Cin Khup that he had not cooperated when the submission terms were small as for Za Tual. Hau Cin Khup had raided villages four times and thus the submission terms were expanded. Hau Cin Khup attempted a bargain but was given an ultimatum.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=109}}
With the submission of the Sizangs, the Kam Hau Sukte were considered for negotiation. They had held out in resistance with the Sizangs during the Chin-Lushai Expedition. Captian Rundall tried to get in touch with the Kam Hau chiefs such as Khaw Cin of Kam Hau, Do Thawng of Mualbem and other Gungal village headmen. Do Thawng had escaped in January during the expedition and was trying to build a new village in Taisun territory with his loyal subjects. Khaw Cin had died in early September. This complicated matters as the Kam Hau were now split into two factions. One led by Za Tual and another by Za Tual’s nephew, Hau Cin Khup. Hau Cin Khup was an 18-year-old chief with little influence, so Rundall opened talks with Za Tual. He succeeded in good relations with Za Tual’s immediate famil,y but did not secure the submission of the whole clan. The Kam Hau began to raid villages in the Kalay and Kabaw valleys, killing and capturing subjects. The British launched an expedition at the Kam Hau for 1891. The military shifted its base of operations from Fort White to the Letha range. Captain Rundall organised a large column and moved into the main village of the Kam Hau known as Tedim. Negotiation with Hau Cin Khup failed. Rundall recorded the meeting with Hau Cin Khup. Rundall had explained to Hau Cin Khup that he had not cooperated when the submission terms were small as for Za Tual. Hau Cin Khup had raided villages four times and thus the submission terms were expanded. Hau Cin Khup attempted a bargain but was given an ultimatum.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=109}}
Hau Cin Khup made no response to the ultimatum. His house had been burnt on a rumour of British advancement, so he fled to Manipur. On 14 February 1891, Rundall entered Hau Cin Khup’s village of Tonzang to wait for his surrender. During his stay, he fined the villagers of Mualpi for their raid on Pinthwa. Hau Cin Khup failed to release the captives and surrender by 23 February 1891. Rundall surrounded the village 4am and stormed the village while they put up a strong defense. The shootout continued for some time. When the Kam Hau learnt that Rundall was considering to shell the village and advance the whole column in that the three chiefs came out and surrendered. Hau Cin Khup, Tan Khup Hau, Ngienzathung.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=110}} Thirty-nine captives were surrendered, and Rundall returned to Fort White with 100 men of the [[39 Garhwalis]] at Tedim. Maun Tun Win took the Kam Hau chiefs to visit Rangoon and Mandalay in April. When the chiefs returned, Captain Hugh Rose succeeded Rundall and summoned a durbar at Fort White on 13 June 1891. A treaty was signed between Rose and Hau Cin Khup, who was reappointed to rule the Kam Hau tract, with the killing of a [[gaya|mithn]] ceremony. The Kam Hau swore to abstain from raiding in Burma in exchange for taxation rights over their own people. Hau Cin Khup thus became a British ally.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=111}}
Hau Cin Khup made no response to the ultimatum. His house had been burnt on a rumour of British advancement, so he fled to Manipur. On 14 February 1891, Rundall entered Hau Cin Khup’s village of Tonzang to wait for his surrender. During his stay, he fined the villagers of Mualpi for their raid on Pinthwa. Hau Cin Khup failed to release the captives and surrender by 23 February 1891. Rundall surrounded the village 4am and stormed the village while they put up a strong defense. The shootout continued for some time. When the Kam Hau learnt that Rundall was considering to shell the village and advance the whole column in that the three chiefs came out and surrendered. Hau Cin Khup, Tan Khup Hau, Ngienzathung.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=110}} Thirty-nine captives were surrendered, and Rundall returned to Fort White with 100 men of the [[39 Garhwalis]] at Tedim. Maun Tun Win took the Kam Hau chiefs to visit Rangoon and Mandalay in April. When the chiefs returned, Captain Hugh Rose succeeded Rundall and summoned a durbar at Fort White on 13 June 1891. A treaty was signed between Rose and Hau Cin Khup, who was reappointed to rule the Kam Hau tract, with the killing of a [[|]] ceremony. The Kam Hau swore to abstain from raiding in Burma in exchange for taxation rights over their own people. Hau Cin Khup thus became a British ally.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=111}}
===Haka Resistance===
Political officer D. Ross, who was mediating the Haka-Zokhua feud, successfully established good relations with both parties. However, the Thetta villagers were difficult to cooperate with, as they refused to surrender their captives despite being prepared to submit. A series of outrages took place on the Kan-Haka road in December 1890, and Thetta openly defied the British. On 10 January, 135 rifles were advanced to Thetta. They opposed the column and the attempted overrun was pushed back. Despite this, the chiefs still surrendered.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=111}} Ross accepted the outcome and treated to Haka. In March, Ross revisited Falam and held a durbar. The Taisuns were given rthe esponsibility of contacting the Gungals in the north to free their captives. The Haka column, however, put their target on Thantlang after an ambush on the column. The Thantlang chief Za Huat (Yahwit) was fined {{currency|5000|INR}} to be paid to the British in Haka. An ultimatum was further made to surrender the chiefs Laluai and Jozway who had attacked the column before. The Thantlang failed to uphold the obligations. On 2 May 1891, 300 rifles were sent to Thantlang, destroying it and taking Za Huat’s son as hostage.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=112}}
The onset of rain halted further military operations. On 12 October 1891, the southern chiefs were taken to Rangoon to show British might and development. The chiefs were Van Shan and Shn Byit of Thettas, Yan Reng and Ni Kway of Haka and Thantlang, and two chiefs from Kapi. A durbar was held at the government house with Sir [[Alexander Mackenzie (civil servant)|Alexander Mackenzie]]. Mackenzie explained how “helpless” the Chins are in the face of British power when leaving their hills. He explained the sovereignty of Queen Victoria over India and Burma and that they were subjects of hers and had to obey British officers.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=113}}
==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
Anti-British revolt by Chin chiefs (1890-1896)
| Chin Resistance Movement | |
|---|---|
| Belligerents | |
 British Raj |
Chin chiefs |
Following the termination of the Chin-Lushai Expedition in April 1890, Charles Crosthwaite noted that operations should no longer be a massive expedition, but rather focus on reconciliation with the tribes to reduce the expenditure of annexation. The Chin Hills were annexed, and two administrative units were proclaimed. The Northern Chin Hills, consisting of the Sukte, Kam Hau, and Sizang, was established under Bertram S Carey at Fort White. The Southern Chin Hills, consisting of Taisun, Haka (Lai) and independent tribes, was established under David Ross at Haka. A special allowance of ₹200 was established for the political officers. Falam was made the capital of the civil administration of the Chin Hills. Kan was linked with Haka and Fort Tregear and linked up the Lushai Hills with the Chin Hills.
Bertram S Carey went on furlough, and Captain Frank Montagu Rundall, with Brigadier General Sir George Wolseley, held a durbar with the Sizang chiefs. The Sizang chiefs took an oath of submission and friendship to the British Government, promising to surrender all slaves and halt all raiding into the plains, as well as cutting telegraph wires. A total of 17 Burman captives were released, with Rundall releasing two Sizang telegraph cutters in good faith. This agreement completed the Sizang submission, which had begun in January 1890.
With the submission of the Sizangs, the Kam Hau Sukte were considered for negotiation. They had held out in resistance with the Sizangs during the Chin-Lushai Expedition. Captian Rundall tried to get in touch with the Kam Hau chiefs such as Khaw Cin of Kam Hau, Do Thawng of Mualbem and other Gungal village headmen. Do Thawng had escaped in January during the expedition and was trying to build a new village in Taisun territory with his loyal subjects. Khaw Cin had died in early September. This complicated matters as the Kam Hau were now split into two factions. One led by Za Tual and another by Za Tual’s nephew, Hau Cin Khup. Hau Cin Khup was an 18-year-old chief with little influence, so Rundall opened talks with Za Tual. He succeeded in good relations with Za Tual’s immediate famil,y but did not secure the submission of the whole clan. The Kam Hau began to raid villages in the Kalay and Kabaw valleys, killing and capturing subjects. The British launched an expedition at the Kam Hau for 1891. The military shifted its base of operations from Fort White to the Letha range. Captain Rundall organised a large column and moved into the main village of the Kam Hau known as Tedim. Negotiation with Hau Cin Khup failed. Rundall recorded the meeting with Hau Cin Khup. Rundall had explained to Hau Cin Khup that he had not cooperated when the submission terms were small as for Za Tual. Hau Cin Khup had raided villages four times and thus the submission terms were expanded. Hau Cin Khup attempted a bargain but was given an ultimatum.
Hau Cin Khup made no response to the ultimatum. His house had been burnt on a rumour of British advancement, so he fled to Manipur. On 14 February 1891, Rundall entered Hau Cin Khup’s village of Tonzang to wait for his surrender. During his stay, he fined the villagers of Mualpi for their raid on Pinthwa. Hau Cin Khup failed to release the captives and surrender by 23 February 1891. Rundall surrounded the village 4am and stormed the village while they put up a strong defense. The shootout continued for some time. When the Kam Hau learnt that Rundall was considering to shell the village and advance the whole column in that the three chiefs came out and surrendered. Hau Cin Khup, Tan Khup Hau, Ngienzathung. Thirty-nine captives were surrendered, and Rundall returned to Fort White with 100 men of the 39 Garhwalis at Tedim. Maun Tun Win took the Kam Hau chiefs to visit Rangoon and Mandalay in April. When the chiefs returned, Captain Hugh Rose succeeded Rundall and summoned a durbar at Fort White on 13 June 1891. A treaty was signed between Rose and Hau Cin Khup, who was reappointed to rule the Kam Hau tract, with the killing of a mithun ceremony. The Kam Hau swore to abstain from raiding in Burma in exchange for taxation rights over their own people. Hau Cin Khup thus became a British ally.
Political officer D. Ross, who was mediating the Haka-Zokhua feud, successfully established good relations with both parties. However, the Thetta villagers were difficult to cooperate with, as they refused to surrender their captives despite being prepared to submit. A series of outrages took place on the Kan-Haka road in December 1890, and Thetta openly defied the British. On 10 January, 135 rifles were advanced to Thetta. They opposed the column and the attempted overrun was pushed back. Despite this, the chiefs still surrendered. Ross accepted the outcome and treated to Haka. In March, Ross revisited Falam and held a durbar. The Taisuns were given rthe esponsibility of contacting the Gungals in the north to free their captives. The Haka column, however, put their target on Thantlang after an ambush on the column. The Thantlang chief Za Huat (Yahwit) was fined ₹5,000 to be paid to the British in Haka. An ultimatum was further made to surrender the chiefs Laluai and Jozway who had attacked the column before. The Thantlang failed to uphold the obligations. On 2 May 1891, 300 rifles were sent to Thantlang, destroying it and taking Za Huat’s son as hostage.
The onset of rain halted further military operations. On 12 October 1891, the southern chiefs were taken to Rangoon to show British might and development. The chiefs were Van Shan and Shn Byit of Thettas, Yan Reng and Ni Kway of Haka and Thantlang, and two chiefs from Kapi. A durbar was held at the government house with Sir Alexander Mackenzie. Mackenzie explained how “helpless” the Chins are in the face of British power when leaving their hills. He explained the sovereignty of Queen Victoria over India and Burma and that they were subjects of hers and had to obey British officers.
