== Religious belief ==
== Religious belief ==
[[File:ضريح السيدة آمنة عليها السلام-2.JPG|thumb|left|The alleged grave of Aminah bint Wahb in [[Al-Abwa’]]. It was [[destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia|destroyed]] in 1998.]]
[[File:ضريح السيدة آمنة عليها السلام-2.JPG|thumb|left|The alleged grave of Aminah bint Wahb in [[Al-Abwa’]]. It was [[destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia|destroyed]] in 1998.]]
[[Sunni Muslims]] believe that all of Muhammad’s ancestors, Āminah included, were monotheists who practiced the shariah of Abraham, and were therefore entitled to Paradise.
Islam rebukes the idea that lineage plays a part in one’s [[Afterlife|final destination]], as each person is responsible for themselves and their deeds. This is proven through multiple authentic hadiths that mention that both Muhammad’s mother and father are in Hellfire:
{{Cquote
| quote = “Verily, a person said: Messenger of Allah, where is my father? He said: (He) is in the Fire. When he turned away, he (the Holy Prophet) called him and said: Verily my father and your father are in the Fire.”
| author = [[Sahih Muslim]]
| source = {{Hadith USC|muslim|1|406}}
}}
Additionally, another hadith states:
{{Cquote
| quote = “The Apostle of Allah (ﷺ) visited the grave of his mother and he wept, and moved others around him to tears, and said: I sought permission from my Lord to beg forgiveness for her but it was not granted to me, and I sought permission to visit her grave and it was granted to me so visit the graves, for that makes you mindful of death.”
| author = Sahih Muslim
| source = {{Hadith USC|muslim|11|135}}
}}
Despite this, Islamic scholars have long been divided over the religious beliefs of Muhammad’s parents and their fate in the [[afterlife]].<ref name=”Brown”>{{Cite book |first=Jonathan A.C. |last=Brown |author-link=Jonathan A.C. Brown |year=2015 |title=Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet’s Legacy |url=https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow |url-access=registration |publisher=Oneworld Publications |pages=[https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/188 188]-189}}</ref> One transmission by [[Abu Dawood|Abu Dawud]] and [[Ibn Majah]] states that [[God in Islam|God]] refused to forgive Aminah for her ”[[kufr]]” (disbelief). Another transmission in [[Musnad al-Bazzar]] states that Muhammad’s parents were brought back to life and accepted Islam before returning to the ”[[Barzakh]]”.<ref name=”Qadri_Suffah”>{{citation |url=https://archive.org/details/ProphetsParent/page/n3 |title=The Parents of the Prophet Muhammad were Muslims |pages=11–28 |publisher=Suffah Foundation |author=Mufti Muhammad Khan Qadri}}</ref>{{rp|11}}
Some [[Ash’ari]] and [[Shafi’i school|Shafi’i]] scholars argued that neither would be punished in the afterlife as they were ”[[Ahl al-fatrah]]”, or “people of the interval” between the prophetic messages of [[Jesus in Islam|’Isa]] ([[Jesus]]) and [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]].<ref name=”Katz”>{{cite book |title=The Birth of The Prophet Muhammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/birthprophetmuha00katz|url-access=limited |last=Holmes Katz |first=Marion |page=[https://archive.org/details/birthprophetmuha00katz/page/n134 126]-128 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-1359-8394-9}}</ref> The concept of ”Ahl al-fatrah” is not universally accepted among Islamic scholars, and there is debate concerning the extent of salvation available for active practitioners of ”[[Shirk (Islam)|Shirk]]” ([[Polytheism]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Rida |first=Rashid |title=Tafsir al-Manar |chapter=2:62 |pages=278–281 |url=http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-12304#page-279 |access-date=2018-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105004004/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-12304#page-279 |archive-date=2018-11-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The majority of scholars have come to agree with it and disregard the [[Hadith|”ahadith”]] stating that Muhammad’s parents were condemned to [[Jahannam|Hell]].<ref name=”Brown” />
While a work attributed to [[Abu Hanifa]], an early [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholar, stated that both Aminah and Abdullah died condemned to Hell (”Mata ‘ala al-fitrah”),<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/misc/parents.htm |title=Refuting the Claim that Imam Abu Hanifa was of the opinion that the Prophet’s Parents were Kafirs |author=Dr. `Inayatullah Iblagh al-Afghanistani |publisher=Masud}}</ref> some later authors of ”[[mawlid]]” texts related a tradition in which Aminah and Abdullah were temporarily [[Resurrection in Islam|revived]] and embraced Islam. Scholars such as [[Ibn Taymiyya]] stated that this was a lie (though [[Al-Qurtubi]] stated that the concept did not disagree with Islamic theology).<ref name=” Katz” /> According to [[Ali al-Qari]], the preferred view is that both the parents of Muhammad were Muslims.<ref name=”Qadri_Suffah” />{{rp|28}} According to [[Al-Suyuti]], [[Ismail Hakki Bursevi]], and other Islamic scholars, all of the ”ahadith” indicating that the parents of Muhammad were not forgiven were later abrogated when they were brought to life and accepted Islam.<ref name=”Qadri_Suffah” />{{rp|24}}
[[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]] believe that all of Muhammad’s ancestors—Aminah included—were [[Tawhid|monotheists]] and therefore entitled to [[Jannah|Paradise]]. A Shia tradition states that God forbade the fires of Hell from touching either of Muhammad’s parents.<ref name=”Rubin”>{{cite journal |journal=Israel Oriental Studies |year=1975 |volume=5 |last=Rubin |first=Uri |title=Pre-Existence and Light—Aspects of the Concept of Nur Muhammad |pages=75–88}}</ref>
==See also==
==See also==
Mother of Muhammad
Amina bint Wahb ibn Abd Manaf al-Zuhriyya (Arabic: آمِنَة بِنْت وَهْب, romanized: ʾĀmina bint Wahb, c. 549–577) was the mother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[1] She belonged to the Banu Zuhra tribe.
Early life and marriage
[edit]
Aminah was born to Wahb ibn Abd Manaf and Barrah bint ‘Abd al-‘Uzzā ibn ‘Uthmān ibn ‘Abd al-Dār in Mecca. Her tribe, Quraysh, were said to be descendants of Ibrahim (Abraham) through his son Isma’il (Ishmael). Her ancestor Zuhrah was the elder brother of Qusayy ibn Kilab, an ancestor of Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib, and the first Qurayshi custodian of the Kaaba. Abd al-Muttalib proposed the marriage of Abdullah, his youngest son, to Aminah. Some sources state that Aminah’s father accepted the match; others say that it was Aminah’s uncle, Wuhaib, who was serving as her guardian.[2][3] The two were married soon after.[3] Abdullah spent much of Aminah’s pregnancy away from home as part of a merchant caravan and died of disease before the birth of his son in Medina.[3][4]
Birth of Muhammad and later years
[edit]
Three months after Abdullah’s death, in 570–571 CE, Muhammad was born. As was tradition among all the great families at the time, Aminah sent Muhammad to live with a milk mother in the desert as a baby. The belief was that in the desert, one would learn self-discipline, nobility, and freedom. During this time, Muhammad was nursed by Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb, a poor Bedouin woman from the tribe of Banu Sa’ad, a branch of the Hawāzin.[5]
When Muhammad was six years old, he was reunited with Aminah, who took him to visit her relatives in Yathrib (later Medina). Upon their return to Mecca a month later, accompanied by her slave, Umm Ayman, Aminah fell ill. She died around the year 577 or 578,[6][7] and was buried in the village of Al-Abwa’. Her grave was destroyed in 1998.[8][9] The young Muhammad was taken in first by his paternal grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, in 577, and later by his paternal uncle Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib.[3]
Sunni Muslims believe that all of Muhammad’s ancestors, Āminah included, were monotheists who practiced the shariah of Abraham, and were therefore entitled to Paradise.
