Bicentennial Capitol Mall State Park: Difference between revisions

 

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[[File:Tennessee State Capitol, Charlotte Avenue, Nashville, TN – 54384168567.jpg|thumb|left|Stairwells were constructed to connect the park to the state capitol building, and the north slope of Capitol Hill was cleared to improve visibility and aesthetics between the two facilities.]]

[[File:Tennessee State Capitol, Charlotte Avenue, Nashville, TN – 54384168567.jpg|thumb|left|Stairwells were constructed to connect the park to the state capitol building, and the north slope of Capitol Hill was cleared to improve visibility and aesthetics between the two facilities.]]

A groundbreaking ceremony for the Bicentennial Mall took place on June 27, 1994, in a ceremony overseen by Governor McWherter, who buried the Governor’s Time Capsule.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kerr |first=Gail |date=June 27, 1994 |title=Laying out a new era; Mall heralds revitalized city |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91586341/laying-out-a-new-era/ |pages=1A, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91586353/malls-cornerstone-celebration-signals/ 2A] |work=The Tennessean |location=Nashville |access-date=January 3, 2022 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=January 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102023010/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91586341/laying-out-a-new-era/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=West |first1=Phil |title=Time capsule’s goal is to unfold the positives of Volunteer State 1994 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-time-capsules-goa/190835353/ |access-date=February 8, 2026 |work=The Commercial Appeal |agency=Associated Press |date=June 28, 1994 |location=Memphis |page=B1 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The construction process was coordinated and supervised by [[Heery International]]. Initial activities included the revisions to the north slope of Capitol Hill and the start of the farmer’s market. Work then commenced on the railroad trestle and improvements to the roads in the park. Other preliminary work included demolitions, utility relocations, and parking-area construction. In late October 1994, work began on the Tennessee Amphitheater, the first part of the element of the mall. By that same month the project had already gone over budget, and engineers began to recommend reductions to the original plan, which resulted in the carillon being deferred in March 1995.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ippolito |first=Mark |date=October 27, 1994 |title=Bicentennial mall to get nips and tucks |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119070428/bicentennial-mall-to-get-nips-and-tucks/ |pages=1A, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119070439/bicentennial-mall-project-revised/ 2A] |work=The Tennessean |location=Nashville |access-date=February 19, 2023 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219084944/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119070428/bicentennial-mall-to-get-nips-and-tucks/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kerr |first=Gail |date=March 22, 1995 |title=Budget cuts take toll on mall plan |url=https://tennessean.newspapers.com/clip/91886921/budget-cuts-take-toll-on-mall-plan/ |page=2A |work=The Tennessean |location=Nashville |access-date=January 5, 2022 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105072049/https://tennessean.newspapers.com/clip/91886921/budget-cuts-take-toll-on-mall-plan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A shallow stream through the Central Lawn was also canceled.{{sfn|Hinton|2022|pp=107-108}} The railroad trestle also proved difficult, which was constructed adjacent to the old line and required constant coordination with CSX officials.{{sfn|Hinton|2022|p=62}} In January 1995, new Governor [[Don Sundquist]] took office, and the project fell under the jurisdiction of new Finance Commissioner [[Bob Corker]], who later became a U.S. Senator.{{sfn|Hinton|2022|p=61}} Sundquist initially moved to stop construction of the mall upon taking office due to escalating costs, but Corker advised him against this.{{sfn|Hinton|2022|p=68}}<ref name=”Hunt”/> The new farmer’s market opened on June 19, 1995, allowing for demolition of the old structure at the north end of the site to proceed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ferguson |first1=Carrie |title=New market causes vendors mixed feelings |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tennessean-new-market-causes-vendors/190829028/ |access-date=February 7, 2026 |work=The Tennessean |date=June 17, 1995 |location=Nashville |pages=1B, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tennessean/6805465/ 2B] |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> It was officially dedicated on October 21.{{sfn|Hinton|2022|p=162}} On April 27, 1996, the time capsules in the Walkway of the Counties were buried by representatives of each respective county in a ceremony.<ref>{{cite news |last=de la Cruz |first=Bonna M. |date=April 28, 1996 |title=Young Tennesseans preview Bicentennial Mall, capsule burial |url=https://tennessean.newspapers.com/clip/119072704/young-tennesseans-preview-bicentennial/ |page=8B |work=The Tennessean |location=Nashville |access-date=February 19, 2023 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219090327/https://tennessean.newspapers.com/clip/119072704/young-tennesseans-preview-bicentennial/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A groundbreaking ceremony for the Bicentennial Mall took place on June 27, 1994, in a ceremony overseen by Governor McWherter, who buried the Governor’s Time Capsule.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kerr |first=Gail |date=June 27, 1994 |title=Laying out a new era; Mall heralds revitalized city |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91586341/laying-out-a-new-era/ |pages=1A, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91586353/malls-cornerstone-celebration-signals/ 2A] |work=The Tennessean |location=Nashville |access-date=January 3, 2022 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=January 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102023010/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91586341/laying-out-a-new-era/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=West |first1=Phil |title=Time capsule’s goal is to unfold the positives of Volunteer State 1994 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-time-capsules-goa/190835353/ |access-date=February 8, 2026 |work=The Commercial Appeal |agency=Associated Press |date=June 28, 1994 |location=Memphis |page=B1 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The construction process was coordinated and supervised by [[Heery International]]. Initial activities included the revisions to the north slope of Capitol Hill and the start of the farmer’s market. Work then commenced on the railroad trestle and improvements to the roads in the park. Other preliminary work included demolitions, utility relocations, and parking-area construction. In late October 1994, work began on the Tennessee Amphitheater, the first part of the element of the mall. By that same month the project had already gone over budget, and engineers began to recommend reductions to the original plan, which resulted in the carillon being deferred in March 1995.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ippolito |first=Mark |date=October 27, 1994 |title=Bicentennial mall to get nips and tucks |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119070428/bicentennial-mall-to-get-nips-and-tucks/ |pages=1A, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119070439/bicentennial-mall-project-revised/ 2A] |work=The Tennessean |location=Nashville |access-date=February 19, 2023 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219084944/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119070428/bicentennial-mall-to-get-nips-and-tucks/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kerr |first=Gail |date=March 22, 1995 |title=Budget cuts take toll on mall plan |url=https://tennessean.newspapers.com/clip/91886921/budget-cuts-take-toll-on-mall-plan/ |page=2A |work=The Tennessean |location=Nashville |access-date=January 5, 2022 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105072049/https://tennessean.newspapers.com/clip/91886921/budget-cuts-take-toll-on-mall-plan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A shallow stream through the Central Lawn was also canceled.{{sfn|Hinton|2022|pp=107-108}} The railroad trestle, which was constructed adjacent to the old line and required constant coordination with CSX officials.{{sfn|Hinton|2022|p=62}} In January 1995, Governor [[Don Sundquist]] took office, and the project fell under the jurisdiction of new Finance Commissioner [[Bob Corker]], who later became a U.S. Senator.{{sfn|Hinton|2022|p=61}} Sundquist initially moved to stop construction of the mall upon taking office due to escalating costs, but Corker advised him against this.{{sfn|Hinton|2022|p=68}}<ref name=”Hunt”/> The new farmer’s market opened on June 19, 1995, allowing for demolition of the old structure at the north end of the site to proceed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ferguson |first1=Carrie |title=New market causes vendors mixed feelings |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tennessean-new-market-causes-vendors/190829028/ |access-date=February 7, 2026 |work=The Tennessean |date=June 17, 1995 |location=Nashville |pages=1B, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tennessean/6805465/ 2B] |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> It was officially dedicated on October 21.{{sfn|Hinton|2022|p=162}} On April 27, 1996, the time capsules in the Walkway of the Counties were buried by representatives of each respective county in a ceremony.<ref>{{cite news |last=de la Cruz |first=Bonna M. |date=April 28, 1996 |title=Young Tennesseans preview Bicentennial Mall, capsule burial |url=https://tennessean.newspapers.com/clip/119072704/young-tennesseans-preview-bicentennial/ |page=8B |work=The Tennessean |location=Nashville |access-date=February 19, 2023 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219090327/https://tennessean.newspapers.com/clip/119072704/young-tennesseans-preview-bicentennial/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Concerns were raised about whether or not the park would be ready for public use for the state’s bicentennial festivities, but it ultimately opened to the public on May 31, 1996, at 8 AM [[Central Time Zone|Central Time]]. Later that afternoon, the Tennessee Bicentennial postage stamp was unveiled in the first event held in the Tennessee Amphitheater by Governor Sundquist, former Governor McWherter, Nashville Mayor and later Governor [[Phil Bredesen]], Bicentennial Commission Chairman [[Martha Rivers Ingram]], and Postmaster General [[Marvin Travis Runyon]].{{sfn|Hinton|2022|p=62}} The following day, the park was dedicated in a ceremony with speeches from Governor Sundquist, then-Vice President and Tennessean [[Al Gore]], Ingram, and Tennessee House Speaker [[Jimmy Naifeh]] as part of a celebration of Tennessee’s 200th anniversary of statehood. A poem celebrating the occasion was also delivered by poet laureate [[Margaret Britton Vaughn]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Daughtrey |first=Larry |date=June 2, 1996 |title=200 and counting … |url=https://tennessean.newspapers.com/clip/76852761/200-and-counting/ |pages=1A, [https://tennessean.newspapers.com/clip/91746969/celebrating-200-years-of-statehood/ 9A] |work=The Tennessean |location=Nashville |access-date=January 3, 2022 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=January 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103105447/https://tennessean.newspapers.com/clip/76852761/200-and-counting/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A large stage was erected atop the Tennessee Map Plaza for the event, and a special session of the state legislature was held to celebrate the occasion. The ceremony was followed by a music tribute called “Celebration of the Centuries”, which included several prominent Tennessee musicians. A fireworks show concluded the celebration.{{sfn|Hinton|2022|p=63}}

Concerns were raised about whether or not the park would be ready for public use for the state’s bicentennial festivities, but it ultimately opened to the public on May 31, 1996, at 8 AM [[Central Time Zone|Central Time]]. Later that afternoon, the Tennessee Bicentennial postage stamp was unveiled in the first event held in the Tennessee Amphitheater by Governor Sundquist, former Governor McWherter, Nashville Mayor and later Governor [[Phil Bredesen]], Bicentennial Commission Chairman [[Martha Rivers Ingram]], and Postmaster General [[Marvin Travis Runyon]].{{sfn|Hinton|2022|p=62}} The following day, the park was dedicated in a ceremony with speeches from Governor Sundquist, then-Vice President and Tennessean [[Al Gore]], Ingram, and Tennessee House Speaker [[Jimmy Naifeh]] as part of a celebration of Tennessee’s 200th anniversary of statehood. A poem celebrating the occasion was also delivered by poet laureate [[Margaret Britton Vaughn]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Daughtrey |first=Larry |date=June 2, 1996 |title=200 and counting … |url=https://tennessean.newspapers.com/clip/76852761/200-and-counting/ |pages=1A, [https://tennessean.newspapers.com/clip/91746969/celebrating-200-years-of-statehood/ 9A] |work=The Tennessean |location=Nashville |access-date=January 3, 2022 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=January 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103105447/https://tennessean.newspapers.com/clip/76852761/200-and-counting/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A large stage was erected atop the Tennessee Map Plaza for the event, and a special session of the state legislature was held to celebrate the occasion. The ceremony was followed by a music tribute called “Celebration of the Centuries”, which included several prominent Tennessee musicians. A fireworks show concluded the celebration.{{sfn|Hinton|2022|p=63}}

Urban state park in Nashville, Tennessee

Bicentennial Capitol Mall State Park, commonly known as Bicentennial Mall, is an urban linear landscaped state park in downtown Nashville, Tennessee, United States.^[1] The park is located on 19 acres (77,000 m²) north-northwest of the Tennessee State Capitol, and functions as an outdoor museum that highlights the state’s history, geography, culture, and musical heritage through a series of monuments and interpretive displays. Receiving more than 2.5 million visitors annually, it is the most visited of Tennessee’s 56 state parks.^[2]

The park is modeled on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., and was first conceptualized during the planning for the state of Tennessee’s bicentennial commemoration. Groundbreaking occurred on June 27, 1994, and the park was dedicated on June 1, 1996, the 200th anniversary of Tennessee’s statehood. Additional features that had been planned for the park were added in the succeeding years, and the park initially struggled with maintenance difficulties and underuse. Since then, it has been recognized as a cultural and historical landmark. In 2019, the Tennessee State Museum moved to the northwest corner of the park, followed in 2021 by the Tennessee State Library and Archives, which moved to the northeast corner of the park. The incorporation of these entities into the mall complex fulfilled design concepts that were first envisioned during the initial planning of the park.

The 19-acre (77,000 m²) park is the smallest of Tennessee’s state parks. Modeled on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., it features design elements that provide visitors with information on Tennessee’s history, natural features, attractions, landmarks, and musical heritage. It incorporates a number of Classical Greek, Baroque, and Beaux-Arts influences.^[3] The park has its borders defined by Jefferson Street on the north, James Robertson Parkway on the south, 6th Avenue North on the east, and 7th Avenue North on the west.^[3] On-street parking is provided along 6th and 7th Avenues for visitors to the mall and other nearby locations, and the entire park is easily accessible by foot or bike. It is situated directly north of the hill that contains the Tennessee State Capitol, which is distinctly visible from the park. The Nashville Farmers’ Market is to the park’s immediate west.^[4] The Tennessee State Museum is located directly west of the park’s north end, and the Tennessee State Library and Archives is east of the north end. A number of state office buildings are also located nearby.^[5] Both sides of the mall are lined with tulip poplars, Tennessee’s state tree, and all trees and shrubs at the park are native to Tennessee.^[6]

On the southern end of the park is the Tennessee Plaza, the defining feature of which is the Tennessee Map Plaza. This is a 200-by-50-foot (60 by 20 m) wide granite map of the state that highlights its cities, counties, rivers, major highways, and railroads.^[8] Pigmentation is used to script city and county names, and the Interstate Highways are indicated in gold pinstripes. The stone surface is polished to highlight rivers, which is intended to produce a shimmering appearance of waterways similar to what is observed from aircraft. The map is slightly tilted to improve visibility from Capitol Hill. Each county seat contains a flush-mounted light which turns on at night. Eight smaller elevated granite maps arranged below the map plaza illustrate the state’s geology, original inhabitants, territory, transportation, land cover, recreational opportunities, musical heritage, and topography.^[8] One of these maps is a depiction of a map of the state produced in 1795. Directly east of the map is a large compass rose that indicates the map’s orientation. South of the map is the Zero Milestone marker, which contains the “T-Dot”, a nod to the Tennessee Department of Transportation. Three grass terraces that gently slope downward are located between the map plaza and James Robertson Parkway.

A 300-foot-long (91 m) steel railroad trestle that carries a CSX mainline crosses the park directly south of the map plaza. At each end of the trestle is a limestone bridge that cross 6th and 7th Avenue, respectively. These bridges utilize the Greek Revival architectural style of the Tennessee State Capitol, and on each side contain the years “1796” and “1996” on the left and right abutments, respectively. The trestle is painted white to help reflect light onto the area beneath and complement the surrounding aesthetics, and the columns extend slightly outward from top to bottom to correspond with a previous wooden trestle that once occupied the site. The park’s visitor center, restrooms, and several picnic tables are located underneath the trestle.^[5][11] Near each end of the trestle to the south flies a 12-by-18-foot (3.7 by 5.5 m) Tennessee Flag, each of which is surrounded by eight 5-by-8-foot (1.5 by 2.4 m) state flags. The large flags commemorate the state’s bicentennial celebration, and the small flags represent Tennessee’s status as the 16th state admitted to the Union.^[12] The placement of the flags was inspired by the work of André Le Nôtre at the Palace of Versailles.

Directly north of the railroad is the Rivers of Tennessee Fountains, which feature 31 geyser-like fountains representing each of the major rivers and waterways of the state.^[8] These fountains, which together function as a splash pad, spray columns of water to various heights, and are lit by color-changing lights at night. Behind the fountains is a curved wall called the Rivers of Tennessee Wall that contains information in the form of facts, quotes, famous sayings, phrases, and poetry about the state’s waterways and their role in its history. The shape of the wall also alludes to the state’s nickname of the “Big Bend State”, which comes from the Tennessee River‘s path across the state. A ramp is located on the backside of the wall, which contains engraved statements about the history of the railroad and the mall site at its highest point. Water from the fountains flows into a large trough at the base of the wall that represents the Mississippi River, which forms the western border of Tennessee.^[8] Harrison Street crosses the park immediately behind the wall.^[5]

Directly north of this is the Tennessee Amphitheater, a 2,200-seat terraced amphitheater used for special events.^[14] This semi-circular theater located in an artificial depression is patterned off of the Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus and the Roman Theatre of Orange.^[8] The design of the theater also honors the Greco-Roman architectural inspiration for the Tennessee State Capitol by architect William Strickland. The seating consists of seven-foot-wide (2.1 m) stepped lawns. The stage is flanked by dual towers that resemble large lanterns. Each of these towers is topped by an overhanging cornice, with lightly frosted windows below. Directly below this are open stainless steel replicas of the tri-star logo from the state flag that serve as openings for speakers behind. The location of the amphitheater below grade combined with surrounding shade trees were intended to improve acoustics and reduce surrounding urban noise. A central lawn extends between the amphitheater and the Court of Three Stars at the north end of the park. This lawn is modeled on the open spaces of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. and is designed to be used for various activities. The lawn is crossed by two pathways, one of which follows the original alignment of Jackson Street. At the north end of the lawn is an elevated circular granite monument commonly referred to as the “button”. This monument is inscribed with names of the creators and sponsors of the mall, and also recognizes Governors Ned McWherter and Don Sundquist, who oversaw construction of the park.

The Court of Three Stars is a circular plaza made of red, white, and blue granite arranged into a large replica of the tri-star logo found on the state flag. These stars represent the three Grand Divisions of Tennessee. Surrounding the plaza are 50 columns containing a 95-bell carillon, representing the 95 counties of the state and the state’s contribution to the development of American popular music.^[1][12] The placement of the columns is designed to provide a unique surround-sound experience for patrons walking through the court. The carillon plays an arrangement of the Tennessee Waltz each hour, followed by a chiming of the time of day by the largest bell in middle C.^[8] The carillon also plays portions of other important state songs, including “Ol’ Man River“, “Chattanooga Choo Choo“, “On Top of Old Smokey“, and “Rocky Top” throughout the day. The carillon is operated by a computer in a small pavilion nearby, with a console and pianist keyboard for guest performers. A narrow path that encircles the Court of Three Stars between the carillon is inscribed with names of prominent musicians from Tennessee, with space reserved for future additions. An unnamed road curves around the Court of Three Stars between Jefferson Street; two paths connect the court to the northern corners of the park.^[5] A 96th bell housed on in a tower on Capitol Hill joins in with the carillon at the top of each hour; the bell is meant to represent the government’s commitment to the people.^[8] The stainless steel structure that houses this bell was inspired by the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates and the Tower of the Winds. On each face of the octagonal granite base are inscriptions of female angels, or “musicks”, that represent the major genres of music of Tennessee. This was designed by artist Paul Harmon, who took inspiration from the angelic figures on the Tower of the Winds.

The central lawn is surrounded by four main walking paths and several memorials. The two inner walkways make up the Pathway of Volunteers, which alludes to Tennessee’s nickname as “The Volunteer State”. Each pathway is 1,400 feet (430 m) long, and was built with 17,000 pavers inscribed with the names of individuals and organizations who provided donations to the park’s construction.^[4] The south end of the Pathway of Volunteers contains both of the Governor’s Time Capsules, which were buried during the park’s groundbreaking and opening, respectively. They will be opened on June 27, 2094, and on Tennessee’s tricentennial, June 1, 2096, respectively.^[19] In addition to the governors, these time capsules are covered by stones that also honor the members of the respective state legislatures at the time.

The eastern outer path is the Walkway of the Counties, which runs adjacent to 6th Avenue and represents the state’s diverse geography from west to east. Throughout the walkway are time capsules from each county, arranged from north to south by Grand Division, which will be opened on the state’s tricentennial on June 1, 2096. The lids of each capsule contain brief descriptions of their respective county. The walkway, which ranges from 12 to 20 feet (3.7 to 6.1 m) wide, also demarcates the boundaries between the Grand Divisions. The planters next to the walkway highlight the state’s diverse topographical landforms, and feature flora from across the state’s respective regions.^[12] The West Tennessee planters are at ground level, representative of the region’s flat and swampy terrain. The low stone walls along the planters that represent the eastern portion of the state are made of Tennessee Quartzite, and the rocks in the planters symbolize rock outcroppings found in Middle and East Tennessee. Accompanying these are granite obelisks which provide descriptions of the state’s nine physiographic regions and detail their geology and vegetation. An obelisk detailing the history of the Tennessee State Capitol is also located along here.^[6] Fragments from the original columns of the state capitol building are located along the midpoint of this walkway, representing the struggle to construct the statehouse and preserve it. These are part of the Charles Warterfield Reliquary, named for one of the park’s architects

The western outer path along 7th Avenue is the Pathway of History, containing a 1,400-foot (430 m) series of four-foot-tall (1.2 m) walls on the east side, which chronicle major events in the state’s history with short inscriptions. This pathway is actually divided into two main sections: a shorter section which provides a brief overview of the state’s prehistory and precolonial history, beginning one billion years ago, and a longer one which provides a more detailed history of the state from 1766 to 1996. A series of cracks and shifts in the wall symbolizes the division among the state’s residents during the American Civil War. On the west side of the pathway, each decade from 1766 to 1996 is represented by a large granite pylon in 50-foot (15 m) increments; these are also provided for the precolonial section, which read “One Billion Years Ago”, “240 Million Years Ago”, “10,000 BC”, and “1600 AD”, respectively.^[6] These were inspired by the monoliths from 2001: A Space Odyssey and unbuilt pylons designed for Freedom Plaza in Washington D.C. by Robert Venturi. The walkway is named the Andrea Conte Pedestrian Walkway after Andrea Conte, the First Lady of Tennessee from 2003 to 2011.

A number of monuments and memorials are located adjacent to the Pathway of History. The Statehood Memorial is located approximately 20 ft (6.1 m) on top of the approximate location of McNairy Spring, a hydrological sulfur spring that was used by settlers and residents of the area as a main source of water in the 18th and 19th centuries.^[23] This monument consists of a fountain representing the spring surrounded by a circular wall which contains sixteen stars. These represent Tennessee’s status as the sixteenth state admitted to the Union, and information about Tennessee’s statehood is also engraved in the wall. The Sulphur Springs Monument consists of three fountains which flow into a rock garden, and represents the wildlife and the wetlands of Tennessee.^[8] The Centennial Memorial commemorates the Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition of 1897. There is also a monument to Tennesseans who served in the Civilian Conservation Corps.^[12]

The World War II Memorial features a rectangular plaza that contains ten pillars etched with images and descriptions of the war relevant to the state. The pillars on the east represent events from the European and Mediterranean and Middle Eastern theaters, and the western pillars represent events from the Pacific Theater.^[24] The memorial also contains a 18,000 lb (8,200 kg) movable granite globe suspended by water that was fabricated in Germany and maps the world of the 1940s.^[24] The globe contains lines mapping Tennessee to the sites of major battles. A bench with the names of the seven recipients of the Medal of Honor from Tennessee is located on the south edge of the memorial.^[8] On the north end of the monument are stone seats that recognize the sponsors of the memorial. The surface of the plaza contains gold stars honoring the 5,731 Tennesseans who died during the war. A time capsule on the plaza will be opened on November 11, 2045.^[24] A small monument that commemorates the state’s role and struggles during the Civil Rights Movement, particularly the Nashville sit-ins, consists of four granite stools; two black and two white. A quote from Knoxville minister Merrill Proudfoot is inscribed on the ground below.

Lick Branch, later known as French Lick Creek, was a stream that flowed through the present-day southern portion of Bicentennial Capitol Mall State Park, and contained numerous salt licks and springs along its banks, including the McNairy Spring. Herds of wildlife including bison, deer, turkey, bears, and other game were attracted to this stream, and Native American peoples including Cherokee, Chickasaw, and Shawnee made use of animal trails in the area. Due to constant territorial disputes, the area was held by no single Native American group when European settlers first arrived. French traders under the command of Charles Charleville established a trading post near the site in 1714, which was the first European settlement in what is now Nashville and became known as French Lick.^[30] The French Lick and spring attracted settlers from East Tennessee to the region in 1779, who established Fort Nashborough, the namesake of Nashville, along the Cumberland River, and founded the Cumberland Association the following year.^[31] The spring continued to be used as one of the city’s primary water sources throughout the 19th century, and the area gradually became known as Sulphur Bottoms after another nearby spring.^[23]

The area occupied by Bicentennial Mall remained undeveloped until the mid-1830s, when skilled German immigrants began to settle south of the French Lick Creek. This neighborhood, which was later renamed Germantown, contained butcher shops, packing houses, and agricultural operations. The French Lick Creek separated this community from other communities to the north, and the low-lying areas along the creek were prone to frequent flooding by the Cumberland River. In 1843, the Tennessee General Assembly declared Nashville as the permanent state capital, and the hill to the south of the site known as Campbell’s Hill and formerly Cedar knob was chosen as the site for the state capitol. Construction began in 1845 and was completed in 1859. During the American Civil War, Nashville became the first Confederate state capital to fall, which was made possible by the Confederate defeat at the Battle of Fort Donelson.^[34] Union troops seized control of the undefended city on February 25, 1862, and thousands of troops quickly poured into the city, establishing camps on capitol hill and the surrounding lowlands.

As Nashville grew and prospered during the Reconstruction era, additional residences and businesses occupied part of the site. The French Lick Creek became contaminated with garbage and raw sewage, and was credited with exacerbating the cholera epidemic of 1873, which killed more than 1,000 people and led to public outcry over the poor state of the city’s sanitation infrastructure. Between the 1880s and the 1950s, part of the site that was prone to flooding was used as a dump, with many relics from this period found during construction. The stream was channnelized in 1889, and was buried three years in a brick sewer 25 feet (7.6 m) below the ground. Once this was complete, an artificial fill was constructed in the area to flatten the grade and raise it above the flood level. Beginning in the early 20th century, the area fell into disrepair, and became a red light district.^[23] A number of industries developed in this area including laundries, coal yards, gas works, stock yards, and feed companies, and anti-German sentiment after World War I led many original landowners to move away. By the 1940s, many of the structures on the site were declared substandard the neighborhood to the west was in such poor shape that it became known as Hell’s Half Acre. Many of the structures on and around the site were subsequently demolished as part of an urban renewal project initiated in 1950 that was funded by the Housing Act of 1949.^[23] As part of this project, a new thoroughfare called James Robertson Parkway was constructed north of the capitol. The Nashville Farmers Market relocated to the north end of the site on Jefferson Street in 1954.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, a building boom resulted in several skyscrapers being constructed around the capitol building.^[41] The view to the north, however, remained unobstructed, and a movement arose to preserve this.^[2] Despite the urban renewal project, the area north of the capitol between James Robertson Parkway and Jefferson Street continued to slip into decline, which was exacerbated by the closure of the Sulphur Dell ballpark in 1963. In 1969, Knoxville architect Robert Church proposed a multi-level parking garage along the north and west side of Capitol Hill. As part of this plan, Church reportedly discussed the possibility of extending the greenery of capitol hill north of James Robertson Parkway was state architect Clayton Dekle. The state began gradually acquiring much of the land north of the capitol in the early 1970s with the intent of eventually constructing a large office complex, necessitated by the growth in the size of the state government.^[44] In 1985, Gresham, Smith and Partners prepared a preliminary land-use master plan for the development of the land north of the capitol, and Nashville landscape architect Joe Hodgson assisted by preparing a plan for a new state office park development that included a linear public park.^[3] In 1988, John Bridges of Nashville-based Aladdin Industries conceived the idea for a public park on the site modeled on the National Mall in Washington, D.C..^[3] The following year, Bridges’ associate Victor Johnson contacted then-Governor Ned McWherter and presented him with Bridges’ idea. Johnson also consulted New York architect Robert Lamb Hart, who in 1990 devised a plan the included distinct elements along the park’s length and incorporated new state office buildings on the south end. That same year, state planning officials began preliminary work on concepts for celebrating and recognizing Tennessee’s Bicentennial in 1996. They quickly began considering the feasibility of a permanent civic gift that would remain long after other bicentennial celebration events.

On July 19, 1989, Governor McWherter first publicly spoke about plans to convert the land north of the capitol into a linear green space modeled on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. for the state’s bicentennial.^[44][47] Several derivative plans were proposed for the mall by the state government’s staff members, and by the middle of 1991, state officials realized that cluttering capitol hill with additional office buildings would not be popular. That same year, James E. Hall, the director of the Tennessee State Planning Office, included the mall in a report on potential bicentennial commemorations and celebrations, although skepticism about the project remained.^[49][50][51] In September 1991, Tennessee Finance Commissioner Jerry Preston formed a five-member team of architectural professionals to study the feasibility of constructing the mall on the site. This group first toured the site and then evaluated previous proposals. Once this was complete, the group began work on broad concepts for the design. On November 7, 1991, the Metropolitan Nashville Council approved a revitalization plan for downtown Nashville, which included the mall.^[3]

On June 1, 1992, McWherter signed an executive order creating the Tennessee Bicentennial Commission to oversee the planning of the statewide bicentennial celebration.^[53] This 23-member panel, which included a number of prominent business leaders, celebrities, and governmental leaders from around the state, first met on August 12, 1992, where preliminary plans for the mall were presented.^[54] On August 27, Tuck Hinton Architects and staff from SSOE Engineers and Ross/Fowler Landscape Architects were hired to develop a master plan for the mall.^[57][49] The team consulted with members of the bicentennial commission and other state officials on how to develop a plan for a park that reflected the state’s diversity, history, culture, and natural features. The team initially recognized that accessibility between the capitol and park would need to be improved, and recommended removing a state employee parking lot and a portion of Gay Street on the north slope of Capitol Hill.

To improve visibility between the mall and the capitol, a new overlook atop the north slope of Capitol Hill called Belvedere was proposed, with a stairwell connecting to the capitol building from the eastside of the overlook. A second set of stairs and ramps would connect the west side of the overlook to James Robertson Parkway, which required the demolition of the Capitol Towers apartment building. The plan also included aesthetic improvements to James Robertson Parkway and the incorporation of the railroad into the park, which was located atop an artificial berm and had proven to be an impediment to the redevelopment of the mall site. The architects recommended replacing the berm with a trestle.^[58] They also recognized that in order for the mall to reach Jefferson Street, the farmer’s market would need to relocated, and they proposed a site adjacent to the mall on Rosa L. Parks Boulevard (then 8th Avenue). The architects hoped that such a site would boost visitation to the park.

In early 1993, state and city officials agreed to the site for the new farmer’s market, allowing design work on the mall to begin.^[58] Due to funding constraints and the complexity of the project, planners recognized early on that all proposals for the park would likely not materialize by the state’s bicentennial, and that the initial development would likely only include the public park, farmer’s market, and state employee parking. The architects intended the park to be, in effect, an outdoor museum. In addition to the National Mall, the designers also took inspiration from Freedom Plaza in Washington, D.C. After conducting extensive research about the state, the architects settled on a plan to base the mall around themes of the state’s land, people, and music.^[49] Initial concepts for the design of the mall were reported by the local press in March 1993,^[58] and the design team reached a consensus on May 11, 1993. The master plan was presented to Governor McWherter and state officials on May 26, 1993, and unveiled to the public on June 2 during meeting of the bicentennial commission at Fisk University.^[64] and approved by the State Building Commission on July 8, 1993.^[65] The commission did, however, raise concerns about the cost of the project, the necessary materials, and its symbolic meaning. A final review of the project was then approved by the State Capitol Commission on July 23, 1993, and final design work began shortly thereafter. The master plan was divided into five distinct parts: the revitalization of Capitol Hill, the new railroad trestle, road improvements, parking, and the main part of the mall. During this time, all features of the mall were detailed and finalized, and construction plans were prepared. A final roadblock ensued when city officials would not agree to the small roundabouts at 6th and 7th Avenue with Harrison Street. This was resolved when the state agreed to assume control of these roads. In January 1994, the state purchased the nearby American General tower, which was renamed William R. Snodgrass Tennessee Tower. This resulted in an abandonment of plans for state office buildings along the mall, which gave hope to advocates of the construction of cultural facilities along the mall.

A groundbreaking ceremony for the Bicentennial Mall took place on June 27, 1994, in a ceremony overseen by Governor McWherter, who buried the Governor’s Time Capsule.^[68][69] The construction process was coordinated and supervised by Heery International. Initial activities included the revisions to the north slope of Capitol Hill and the start of the farmer’s market. Work then commenced on the railroad trestle and improvements to the roads in the park. Other preliminary work included demolitions, utility relocations, and parking-area construction. In late October 1994, work began on the Tennessee Amphitheater, the first part of the element of the mall. By that same month the project had already gone over budget, and engineers began to recommend reductions to the original plan, which resulted in the carillon being deferred in March 1995.^[70][71] A shallow stream through the Central Lawn was also canceled. The railroad trestle, which was constructed adjacent to the old line and required constant coordination with CSX officials, also proved difficult. In January 1995, Governor Don Sundquist took office, and the project fell under the jurisdiction of new Finance Commissioner Bob Corker, who later became a U.S. Senator. Sundquist initially moved to stop construction of the mall upon taking office due to escalating costs, but Corker advised him against this.^[49] The new farmer’s market opened on June 19, 1995, allowing for demolition of the old structure at the north end of the site to proceed.^[74] It was officially dedicated on October 21. On April 27, 1996, the time capsules in the Walkway of the Counties were buried by representatives of each respective county in a ceremony.^[75]

Concerns were raised about whether or not the park would be ready for public use for the state’s bicentennial festivities, but it ultimately opened to the public on May 31, 1996, at 8 AM Central Time. Later that afternoon, the Tennessee Bicentennial postage stamp was unveiled in the first event held in the Tennessee Amphitheater by Governor Sundquist, former Governor McWherter, Nashville Mayor and later Governor Phil Bredesen, Bicentennial Commission Chairman Martha Rivers Ingram, and Postmaster General Marvin Travis Runyon. The following day, the park was dedicated in a ceremony with speeches from Governor Sundquist, then-Vice President and Tennessean Al Gore, Ingram, and Tennessee House Speaker Jimmy Naifeh as part of a celebration of Tennessee’s 200th anniversary of statehood. A poem celebrating the occasion was also delivered by poet laureate Margaret Britton Vaughn.^[76] A large stage was erected atop the Tennessee Map Plaza for the event, and a special session of the state legislature was held to celebrate the occasion. The ceremony was followed by a music tribute called “Celebration of the Centuries”, which included several prominent Tennessee musicians. A fireworks show concluded the celebration.

While major components of the original design of the mall were absent during its dedication, State Architect Mike Fitts, Nashville State Senator Douglas Henry, and others worked to ensure their completion. In addition, initial reception of the park was somewhat lukewarm from many people. The Zero Milestone was installed on September 15, 1996, by the Tennessee Department of Transportation to replace a previous marker that went missing in the early 1990s.^[79] A small bronze sundial was installed by the Colonial Dames of America near the amphitheater on May 14, 1997. The World War II Memorial broke ground on July 1, 1996,^[81] was dedicated on Veterans Day, November 11, 1997.^[82] This monument was not part of the original plan, and was conceived by Fitts, who convinced the Tennessee World War II Memorial Foundation and its leader Enoch Stephenson to develop an educational monument about the war for the mall. A time capsule was buried at the monument on July 18, 1998. The Pathway of Volunteers pavers were dedicated on August 8, 1998.^[83][84] In late 1998, the history wall along the Pathway of History was completed.^[85] This also included the erection of the Civil Rights monument. A single misspelling of the word “ratifying” was later corrected by a skilled craftsman. On April 18, 1998, the Civilian Conservation Corps monument was dedicated in a ceremony officiated by David B. Roosevelt, a grandson of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.^[12][86] The Charles Warterfield Reliquary was dedicated on August 8, 1999.^[87] Construction on the carillon began in January 1999, and operation began on July 14, 2000.^[88][89] The bell on Capitol Hill was dedicated on June 1, 2003.^[90] This was the final element of the original planned vision for the mall complex.

The park also experienced operational challenges in its early years, and state agencies had disagreements about the maintenance of the landscape. As early as November 1996, the park was reported to be draining resources from other state parks.^[92] On April 16, 1998, a tornado that was part of a larger outbreak damaged the roof of the farmer’s market. The Rivers of Tennessee Fountains quickly became clogged due to sunscreen, and periodically malfunctioned.^[94] The original pipes to the fountains were replaced with larger ones in the winter of 2001,^[95] and the fountains were further upgraded in a project between October 2006 and June 2007 that replaced the granite rigs surrounding each fountain, restored the surrounding concrete pavement, and upgraded the drainage system.^[96] The recessed lights illuminating the 95 county seats, which consumed over 3,000 watts of electricity, were prone to water leaks and electrical shorts. They were replaced with solar powered LED luminaires in 2019.^[6][97] The roundabouts at the intersections along the surrounding roads were designed to deter truck traffic, but large trucks still passed through the area and caused damage to the directional limestone piers. A trough at the base of the Rivers of Tennessee wall was also replaced with brick pavers. Complaints were also voiced about missing and misspelled city names on the map plaza.^[98][99]

The south end of the park was inundated with waters from the catastrophic floods in early May 2010, which destroyed electrical systems.^[100] A line marking the floodwaters’ highest point was engraved on the river wall shortly thereafter. On October 20, 2013, the pedestrian walkways along the east and west side of the mall were named in honor of Andrea Conte. The Tennessee Department of Transportation placed a time capsule on the north end of the park on July 1, 2015, as part of a celebration of the agency’s centennial. It will be unearthed on July 1, 2115.^[102] Tornadoes on the night of March 3, 2020, uprooted several trees in the park.^[103] In October 2020, the POW/MIA “empty seat” memorial was installed at the mall. A master plan developed for the state properties around the mall between 1996 and 1998 stipulated that the new state museum and state library should be located on the east side of the park. Relocation of the museum and library were also suggested in at 2005 plan published by Nashville Civic Design Center. The new museum opened on October 4, 2018.^[105][106] The new state library opened on April 13, 2021.^[107][108]

Since its opening, Bicentennial Capitol Mall State Park has routinely hosted numerous events, including festivals, concerts, and community gatherings, and has come to be the most visited state park in Tennessee. It was ranked by the Nashville Business Journal as the number one tourist attraction in Nashville in 2006.^[109] In 2011, the American Planning Association listed the park as one of the top ten public spaces in the United States.^[4] Since 2016, the park has hosted a New Year’s Eve celebration which includes concerts and the ceremonious dropping of a musical note, owing to the city’s music industry and nickname of “Music City”. Over 200,000 people attend the event each year.^[110][111] In addition, the park routinely offers tours and interpretive events.^[112] Over the years the Nashville Oktoberfest festival has moved into the park. Originally held completely in the Germantown neighborhood northeast of the park, portions of the festival have moved into the park as the celebration has grown. Parts of the park are routinely rented for music festivals, the longest running of which is the Deep Tropics Festival, which has taken place in August of each year since 2019.^{[113][114][115]} Since 2021, Nashville Pride has taken place at the park.^[116][117]

In addition to being a site for events held by third party groups, park staff also hold interpretive and educational programs throughout the year. Since 2004, the mall has hosted the Tennessee History Festival, now called the Tennessee Timeline. This event, which takes place during the second weekend in October, includes reenactors of historical figures and events, and numerous exhibits chronicling the state’s history.^[118][119] The event now coincides with the Southern Festival of Books which moved to the park in 2023 in order to resume being held in between the Tennessee State Museum and Tennessee State Library and Archives after the two agencies moved to their current locations.^[120][121] Each year on or around June 1, Tennessee’s statehood day, the park, along with its neighbors at the state museum and the state library, hold a day of celebration. The day’s activities including displaying of the three constitutions of the state of Tennessee, speakers, and historical reenactors.^{[122][123][124]}

Media related to Bicentennial Capitol Mall State Park at Wikimedia Commons