Chaoshan culture: Difference between revisions

 

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== Arts and Handicrafts==

== Arts and Handicrafts==

[[Teochew woodcarving]] is a form of Chinese woodcarving originating from Chaoshan. Featuring exquisite, sophisticated, precise and lifelike carvings, Teochew woodcarving is one of the oldest and lively woodcarving art in China. They are also found in temples and ancestral halls.<ref name=Shoho/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-23 |title=How China’s skilled Chaozhou woodcarvers created an enviable art form that still thrives today |url=https://www.scmp.com/native/lifestyle/arts-culture/topics/out-and-about/article/2174716/how-chinas-skilled-chaozhou |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Teochew people used a great deal of Teochew wood carving in their buildings, especially the Teochew gold-leaf gilded carving (金漆木雕).<ref>{{Cite web |title=6. Teochew Architecture – Page 3 |url=https://nanyangtemple.wordpress.com/category/6-teochew-architecture/page/3/ |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Historic Chinese Architecture in Singapore |language=en}}</ref>

[[Teochew woodcarving]] is of exquisite, sophisticated, precise and lifelike Teochew in in temples and ancestral halls.<ref name=Shoho/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-23 |title=How China’s skilled Chaozhou woodcarvers created an enviable art form that still thrives today |url=https://www.scmp.com/native/lifestyle/arts-culture/topics/out-and-about/article/2174716/how-chinas-skilled-chaozhou |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=6. Teochew Architecture – Page 3 |url=https://nanyangtemple.wordpress.com/category/6-teochew-architecture/page/3/ |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Historic Chinese Architecture in Singapore |language=en}}</ref>

Chaoshan Embroidery is called “three-dimensional painting on silk.” A single piece can take months of work. The Chaoshan Porcelain is also famous for its delicate colors and classic designs.<ref name=heychinaculture/><ref name=Shoho/>

Chaoshan Embroidery is called “three-dimensional painting on silk.” A single piece can take months of work. The Chaoshan Porcelain is also famous for its delicate colors and classic designs.<ref name=heychinaculture/><ref name=Shoho/>

Chaoshan culture (Chinese: 潮汕文化), also known as Teochew culture, refers to the culture created by the Teochew people in the Chaoshan region, encompassing the three cities of Chaozhou, Shantou, and Jieyang of eastern Guangdong Province of China. Chaoshan culture has a history of over two millennia, and characteristics in language, opera, music, cuisine, tea practice, embroidery and diaspora, etc.^[1][2][3][4]

The Teochew language, or “Chaoshan language”, is a series of dialect varieties spoken by roughly 10 million people in Chaoshan and more than five million outside the Chinese mainland. ^[5][3]

Teochew language is a branch of Southern Min and preserves archaic pronunciations lost in Mandarin, such as the rusheng (entering tone). It has eight tones compared to the six tones found in Cantonese and the four to five tones found in Mandarin, which makes it one of the most difficult variants of Chinese to master.^[1][6][7]

Chaoshan dishes taste fresh, light and natural. There are also unique local sauces such as pruning soy sauce, Shantou sweet and spicy sauce, garlic white vinegar sauce, and fermented fish sauce. Salty, spicy, sweet or sour, each has its own outstanding flavor.^[8] Teochew (also Chaoshan or Chiu Chow or Chaozhou) cooking focuses on restraint and subtlety and avoids heavy seasonings to highlight the freshness of ingredients. The ingredients of Chaoshan dishes usually include white olives, rice noodles, or mandarin oranges. These ingredients often come from the sea in Chaoshan.^[9][3]

The cooking methods of Chaoshan dishes are diversified, including brining, deep-frying, pan-frying, braising, alive marinating, stewing, roasting, smoking, steam stewing, dressing, etc.^[8] The most used method among these is brining. Chaoshan brined meat is the signature dish in Chaoshan cuisine. Meat is brined together with rich flavors. Local dishes also use marinated raw seafood, such as colorful flower crabs steeped in a bath of vinegar, salt, chilis and cilantro.^[9] Other famous dishes include Braised Lion-head Goose and Chaoshan Hotpot, and Teochew oyster omelet.^[1][10]

Chaoshan has a rich history of farming and drying seaweed, which Westerners might instinctively associate with Korean and Japanese cooking. The ancient Teochew tradition of preparing thinly sliced raw fish was later exported to Japan, becoming known as sashimi.^[9]

Gongfu tea, the “espresso” with tiny cups of strong and fragrant tea, was first consumed back in the Song dynasty and is still flourishing and remains an important part of social etiquette in Chaoshan.^[3][1][11]

Chaozhou opera is a traditional art form that has a history of more than 500 years, and it has been performed in over 20 countries and regions.^[1][12] Based on local folk dances and ballads, Teochew opera has formed its own style under the influence of Nanxi Opera. Nanxi is one of the oldest Chinese operas and originated in the Song dynasty. The old form of choral accompaniment still preserves its distinctive features. Clowns (潮丑) and females are the most distinctive characters in Teochew opera, and fan play and acrobatic skills are prominent.^[13][14]

Teochew music is popular in Chaoshan’s teahouse scene.
Teochew string music, the gong and drum music, flute music are the traditional musical forms of Teochew music. Teochew string music is made up of mostly plucked and bowed string instruments, and on some occasions, wind instruments are used. The most characteristic instruments are the erxian (or touxian)(二弦，頭弦), tihu (提胡) and yehu (all two-stringed bowed lutes), the sanxian, pipa, ruan, guzheng, and yangqin.
The current Teochew drum music is said to be similar to the Drum and Wind Music form of the Han dynasty and Tang dynasty.^[15][16]

Teochew woodcarving is one of the oldest carving arts in China, featuring exquisite, sophisticated, precise and lifelike presentations. Teochew people used a great deal of wood carving in their buildings, especially in temples and ancestral halls.^{[3][17] [18]}

Chaoshan Embroidery is called “three-dimensional painting on silk.” A single piece can take months of work. The Chaoshan Porcelain is also famous for its delicate colors and classic designs.^[1][3]

Yingge dance is a form of Chinese folk dance which started in the Qing dynasty. With a history of more than 300 years, it is a fusion of martial arts and street theater and is regarded as one of the most representative folk arts in Teochew culture.^[1][19]

Chaoshan traditional folk houses are usually composed of rectangular courtyards and rooms to form a “mansion-style” folk house. The buildings are mostly composed of two parts, with an overall layout of “front courtyard and back house”. The front part is called “outer courtyard” or “front courtyard”. The courtyard surface is rammed with shell lime sand or paved with stone. It is surrounded by walls on three sides. The main building is called “back house”, which consists of the main building on the central axis and the symmetrical side rooms on the left and right.^[20]

The traditional landmarks and attractions include the Chaozhou Ancient City, Paifang Street, Swatow (Shantou) Old Town, and Nan’ao Island.^[3]

There are over 10 million Chaoshan people living oversee, especially in Singapore, Tailand, Malaysia and other countries in the Southeast Asia. And they still keep their Chaoshan culture to different degrees.^[3][1]