House of Representatives (Nepal): Difference between revisions

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The House has 275 members; 165 elected from [[List of constituencies of Nepal|single-member constituencies]] by [[first-past-the-post voting]] and 110 elected through [[proportional representation|proportional electoral system]] where voters vote for political parties, considering the whole country as a single election constituency.<ref>[http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/np/np029en.pdf Article 86 (2)] Constitution of Nepal</ref> The House of Representatives, unless dissolved, continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. However, in a [[state of emergency]], the term of the House of Representatives may be extended, not exceeding one year in accordance with federal law.

The House has 275 members; 165 elected from [[List of constituencies of Nepal|single-member constituencies]] by [[first-past-the-post voting]] and 110 elected through [[proportional representation|proportional electoral system]] where voters vote for political parties, considering the whole country as a single election constituency.<ref>[http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/np/np029en.pdf Article 86 (2)] Constitution of Nepal</ref> The House of Representatives, unless dissolved, continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. However, in a [[state of emergency]], the term of the House of Representatives may be extended, not exceeding one year in accordance with federal law.

The current House of Representatives was elected by the [[2022 Nepalese general election|general elections held on 20 November 2022]], and its first session convened on 9 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Around 61 percent cast votes in largely peaceful polls |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2022/11/21/around-61-percent-cast-votes-in-largely-peaceful-polls |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamat |first=Ram Kumar |date=2022-12-28 |title=Prez summons new Parliament session on January 9 |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/prez-summons-new-parliament-session-on-january-9 |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Republica |title=First HoR meeting after elections being held today |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/135327/ |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref> Followed by the political unrest and Gen Z protest, the parliament was dissolved by the president on 12 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-12 |title=Nepal unrest: Sushila Karki to take oath as interim PM; parliament dissolved |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/nepal-unrest-sushila-karki-to-take-oath-as-interim-pm-what-will-be-her-first-decision/articleshow/123854013.cms |access-date=2025-09-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sushila Karki ultimately agrees to first become PM and then dissolve House |url=https://en.setopati.com/political/165252/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=Setopati}}</ref>

The current House of Representatives was elected by the [[2022 Nepalese general election|general elections held on 20 November 2022]], and its first session convened on 9 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Around 61 percent cast votes in largely peaceful polls |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2022/11/21/around-61-percent-cast-votes-in-largely-peaceful-polls |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamat |first=Ram Kumar |date=2022-12-28 |title=Prez summons new Parliament session on January 9 |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/prez-summons-new-parliament-session-on-january-9 |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Republica |title=First HoR meeting after elections being held today |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/135327/ |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref> Followed by the political unrest and Gen Z protest, the parliament was dissolved by the president on 12 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-12 |title=Nepal unrest: Sushila Karki to take oath as interim PM; parliament dissolved |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/nepal-unrest-sushila-karki-to-take-oath-as-interim-pm-what-will-be-her-first-decision/articleshow/123854013.cms |access-date=2025-09-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sushila Karki ultimately agrees to first become PM and then dissolve House |url=https://en.setopati.com/political/165252/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=Setopati}}</ref>

== History ==

== History ==

Latest revision as of 12:08, 14 September 2025

Lower house of Parliament of Nepal

The House of Representatives, commonly known as Pratinidhi Sabha (Nepali: प्रतिनिधि सभा, romanized: Pratinidhi Sabhā), is one of the houses of the Federal Parliament of Nepal, with the other house being the National Assembly.[1] Members of the House of Representatives are elected through a parallel voting system. They hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the president on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets at the International Convention Centre in Kathmandu.

The House has 275 members; 165 elected from single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting and 110 elected through proportional electoral system where voters vote for political parties, considering the whole country as a single election constituency.[2] The House of Representatives, unless dissolved, continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. However, in a state of emergency, the term of the House of Representatives may be extended, not exceeding one year in accordance with federal law.

The current House of Representatives was elected by the general elections held on 20 November 2022, and its first session convened on 9 January 2023.[3][4][5] Followed by the political unrest and Gen Z protest, the parliament was dissolved by the president on 12 September 2025.[6][7]

Parliament of Kingdom of Nepal, 1959–1962

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The 1959 constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, proclaimed on 12 February 1959, first mentions the Pratinidhi Sabha first as follows: “There shall be a Parliament which shall consist of His Majesty and two Houses, to be known respectively as the Senate (Maha Sabha) and the House of Representatives (Pratinidhi Sabha)” (Article No. 18, Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 1959).[8]

The 1959 constitution was abrogated on 16 December 1962 when the new Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 1962 was proclaimed and the parliament of the kingdom became unicameral.[9]

Post-Panchayat, 1990–2002

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The House of Representatives was first provided for by the “Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 1990”, which replaced the former panchayat system of parliament with a bicameral parliament.[10] It consisted of 205 members directly elected from single-member constituencies. It had five-year terms, but it could be dissolved by the King on the advice of the Prime Minister before the end of its term.[11]

Dissolution, 2002–2007

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Front face of Pratinidhi Sabha Building
Pratinidhi Sabha building of Nepal (moderation of ancient Gallery Hall)

In May 2002, the House of Representatives was dissolved by King Gyanendra on advice of the then prime minister, Sher Bahadur Deuba, in order to hold new elections.[12] Elections could not take place due to the ongoing civil war, which eventually led King Gyanendra to stage a royal coup. Following the democracy movement of 2006, the King reinstated the earlier legislature.[13] On 15 January 2007, the House of Representatives was transformed into an Interim legislature. This consisted of members appointed under an agreement between the Seven Party Alliance and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) (known by the name Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre), since 2009).[14]

Federal Parliament of Nepal, 2015–present

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The Constitution of Nepal was drafted by the 2nd Constituent Assembly and the provision for a bicameral legislature was re-adopted.[15] The House of Representatives became the lower house of the Federal Parliament of Nepal and its first election was held in 2017.[16]

The composition and powers of the house are established by Parts 8 and 9 of the Constitution of Nepal. The qualifications for becoming a member of the House are laid out in Article 87 of the Constitution and House of Representatives Election Act, 2017. Members must be:

  • a citizen of Nepal
  • twenty five years or older on date of nomination
  • without a criminal offense conviction involving moral turpitude
  • not disqualified by any federal law
  • not hold any office of profit (paid by the government).[17]

In addition to this, no member can be a member of both the House of Representatives and the National Assembly.

The seat of a member of House of Representatives may be considered vacant in the following circumstances:[18]

  • Written resignation to the Speaker
  • Unable to comply to Article 91
  • Expired term of office / house
  • Unclarified / uninformed absence for ten consecutive house sessions
  • Resignation / removal from the party to which the candidate was associated during election
  • Death

Before dissolution membership

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Composition by province

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Officers of the House of Representatives

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Speakers of the House of Representatives

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[19]

Deputy speakers of the House of Representatives

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[19]

Terms of the House of Representatives

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  1. ^ “Nepal government in minority after Prachanda’s party withdraws support”. indiatvnews.com. 12 July 2016. Archived from the original on 16 December 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017. … Dahal said the party decision has been conveyed to President Bidhya Devi Bhandari, Prime Minister Oli and Pratinidhi Sabha (Lower House of the Nepali Parliament) Speaker Onsari Gharti. But an official said the politically unstable nation’s leader would not immediately resign.
  2. ^ Article 86 (2) Constitution of Nepal
  3. ^ “Around 61 percent cast votes in largely peaceful polls”. kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  4. ^ Kamat, Ram Kumar (28 December 2022). “Prez summons new Parliament session on January 9”. The Himalayan Times. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  5. ^ Republica. “First HoR meeting after elections being held today”. My Republica. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  6. ^ “Nepal unrest: Sushila Karki to take oath as interim PM; parliament dissolved”. The Times of India. 12 September 2025. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
  7. ^ “Sushila Karki ultimately agrees to first become PM and then dissolve House”. Setopati. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
  8. ^ “The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 1959” (PDF). www.constitutionnet.org/vl/item/constitution-kingdom-nepal-1959. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  9. ^ “Nepal-Salient Features of the New Constitution” (PDF). www.icwa.in. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  10. ^ “NEPAL: parliamentary elections Pratinidhi Sabha, 1991”. archive.ipu.org. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  11. ^ “parliament”. nepaldemocracy.org. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  12. ^ “Nepal king dissolves parliament”. telegraph.co.uk. 21 May 2002. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  13. ^ “Nepal’s king restores parliament”. theguardian.com. 24 April 2006. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  14. ^ “Legislative Branch Reform: Comprehensive Peace Agreement”. peaceaccords.nd.edu. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  15. ^ “News | International IDEA”. www.idea.int. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  16. ^ Khalid, Alia Chughtai,Saif. “Nepal elections explained”. www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 8 December 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ “Constitution of Nepal 2006, as amended to 2015”. constitutions.unwomen.org. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  18. ^ “Constitution of Nepal”. Constitute.
  19. ^ a b “पूर्व पदाधिकारीहरू”. hr.parliament.gov.np. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  20. ^ “Remembering KP Bhattarai”. kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  21. ^ “Dhungana makes a comeback to politics after 23 years”. kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  22. ^ a b Subedi, Ishwari. “Bill for privileges to ex-VVIPs getting fast-tracked”. My Republica. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  23. ^ Subedi, Ishwari. “Bill for privileges to ex-VVIPs getting fast-tracked”. My Republica. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  24. ^ “Nepal king dissolves parliament”. www.telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  25. ^ “Krishna Bahadur Mahara elected Nepal parliament’s Speaker”. The New Indian Express. 9 March 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  26. ^ Sharma, Bhadra (1 October 2019). “Parliament Speaker in Nepal Resigns After Rape Accusation”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  27. ^ “Sapkota becomes Speaker amid concerns from conflict victims and rights watchdogs”. kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  28. ^ “प्रतिनिधिसभाको सभामुखमा देवराज घिमिरे निर्वाचित”. ekantipur.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  29. ^ Setopati, सेतोपाटी संवाददाता. “देवराज घिमिरे सभामुख निर्वाचित”. Setopati. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  30. ^ “Kingdom of Nepal: Parliamentary Elections, May 12, 1991”. ifes.org. 31 May 1991. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  31. ^ “NEPAL Parliamentary Chamber: Pratinidhi Sabha ELECTIONS HELD IN 1994”. archive.ipu.org. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  32. ^ “NEPAL Parliamentary Chamber: Pratinidhi Sabha ELECTIONS HELD IN 1999”. archive.ipu.org. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  33. ^ “Despite being dissolved twice, HoR completes its 5-year term”. My Republica. Retrieved 28 November 2022.

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