He began a new literary phase with the tragedy ”Richard Savage” (1839), which was staged across Germany. The comedies ”Zopf und Schwert” (1844), ”Das Urbild des Tartüffe” (1847), and ”Der Königsleutnant” (1849), as well as the [[blank verse]] tragedy, ”[[Uriel Acosta]]” (1847) entered the Germany repertory. He moved to [[Dresden]] in 1847 to succeed [[Ludwig Tieck]] as literary adviser to the court theatre.<ref name=”eb”/>
He began a new literary phase with the tragedy ”Richard Savage” (1839), which was staged across Germany. The comedies ”Zopf und Schwert” (1844), ”Das Urbild des Tartüffe” (1847), and ”Der Königsleutnant” (1849), as well as the [[blank verse]] tragedy, ”[[Uriel Acosta]]” (1847) entered the Germany repertory. He moved to [[Dresden]] in 1847 to succeed [[Ludwig Tieck]] as literary adviser to the court theatre.<ref name=”eb”/>
===Later life and historical novels===
===Later life and novels===
He continued writing novels with ”Seraphine” (1838), ”Blasedow und seine Söhne” (a satire on the educational theories of the time){{when}}, and ”Die Ritter vom Geiste” (1850–1852),<ref>{{citation |author=Michael Mielewczik, Michal Simunek, Uwe Hoßfeld |date=2023 |issue=2 |pages=19–21 |periodical=Folia Mendeliana |title=On a possible dating of Mendel´s notes and knowledge on meteorology. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377657692 |volume=59}}<!– auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator –></ref> arguably the first German [[social novel]]. ”Der Zauberer von Rom”{{when}} is a social allegory of [[Roman Catholic]] life in southern Germany.<ref name=”eb”/>
He continued writing novels with ”Seraphine” (1838), ”Blasedow und seine Söhne” (a satire on the educational theories of the time){{when}} and ”Die Ritter vom Geiste” (1850–1852),<ref>{{citation |author=Michael Mielewczik, Michal Simunek, Uwe Hoßfeld |date=2023 |issue=2 |pages=19–21 |periodical=Folia Mendeliana |title=On a possible dating of Mendel´s notes and knowledge on meteorology. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377657692 |volume=59}}<!– auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator –></ref> arguably the first German [[social novel]]. ”Der Zauberer von Rom”{{when}} is a social allegory of [[Roman Catholic]] life in southern Germany.<ref name=”eb”/>
After ”Die Ritter vom Geiste”, Gutzkow founded the journal ”Unterhaltungen am häuslichen Herd” (1852–1865, after Dickens’ ”[[Household Words]]”).<ref name=”eb”/>
After ”Die Ritter vom Geiste”, Gutzkow founded the journal ”Unterhaltungen am häuslichen Herd” (1852–1865, after Dickens’ ”[[Household Words]]”).<ref name=”eb”/>
German writer (1811–1878)
Karl Ferdinand Gutzkow ((1811-03-17)17 March 1811 in Berlin – (1878-12-16)16 December 1878 in Sachsenhausen) was a German writer notable in the Young Germany movement of the mid-19th century.
Life and work
Upbringing and education
Born to a poor Berlin war-office clerk,[1][2] Gutzkow likely responded to his father’s strict pietism with later agnosticism.[1] He studied philosophy and theology[2] under Hegel and Schleiermacher at the University of Berlin in 1829.[3] For the Augsburg Confession‘s tercentenary in June 1830, Hegel delivered an address in Latin as rector, declaring that Protestant Prussia had reconciled religion, philosophy, and ethical life (Sittlichkeit).[4]
But news of the July Revolution in Paris stirred radical politics.[1] After Frederick William III‘s birthday celebration, Gutzkow wrote:
Hundreds of students thronged behind the barrier in front of which sat the professors, the government officials, the military. […] The crown prince smiled, but everyone who read the newspapers knew that in France a king had just been knocked off his throne. […] Hegel […] announced the winners of the academic competitions […]. I myself heard with one ear that I had won the prize in the philosophical faculty over six competitors, and with the other about a people who had overthrown a king, about the thunder of cannons and about thousands who had fallen in battle […]. Scientific academic study lay behind me, history before me.
Early literary career
Gutzkow began his literary career at university with the 1831 periodical Forum der Journalliteratur, leading Wolfgang Menzel to hire him to co-edit Stuttgart’s Literaturblatt.[2] But Menzel, wrote David Friedrich Strauss, tried “to muzzle the spirit of the times”.
Gutzkow continued studies across the Universities of Jena, Heidelberg, and Munich, publishing Briefe eines Narren an eine Närrin (1832, Hamburg) anonymously. He wrote a fantastic, satirical Tibetan romance novel, Maha-Guru, Geschichte eines Gottes (1833, Stuttgart, Cotta),[2] and founded the Deutsche Revue in Frankfurt, where he was living in 1835.[2]
Punishment and theater
Influenced by Strauss’s Life of Jesus and French ideas like Henri de Saint-Simon‘s theory of the emancipation of the flesh, Gutzkow’s novel Wally, die Zweiflerin (1835) was a critique of revelation and the institution of marriage, exalting its heroine’s agnostic, emancipated views.[1][2] The German Federal Assembly promptly banned his writings and those of Heinrich Heine, Heinrich Laube, Ludolf Wienbarg, and Theodor Mundt by December 1835,[citation needed] marking the start of the Young Germany movement, whose literary reformers who anticipated the German revolutions of 1848–1849.[7]
The Assembly sentenced Gutzkow to three months’ imprisonment, barred him from editing in the German Confederation, and officially suppressed his work. This only amplified it.[2] During his Mannheim imprisonment, Gutzkow wrote his treatise Zur Philosophie der Geschichte (1836). He returned to Frankfurt upon release and moved to Hamburg in 1837.[2]
He began a new literary phase with the tragedy Richard Savage (1839), which was staged across Germany. The comedies Zopf und Schwert (1844), Das Urbild des Tartüffe (1847), and Der Königsleutnant (1849), as well as the blank verse tragedy, Uriel Acosta (1847) entered the Germany repertory. He moved to Dresden in 1847 to succeed Ludwig Tieck as literary adviser to the court theatre.[2]
Later life and novels
He continued writing novels with Seraphine (1838), Blasedow und seine Söhne (a satire on the educational theories of the time),[when?] and Die Ritter vom Geiste (1850–1852),[8] arguably the first German social novel. Der Zauberer von Rom[when?] is a social allegory of Roman Catholic life in southern Germany.[2]
After Die Ritter vom Geiste, Gutzkow founded the journal Unterhaltungen am häuslichen Herd (1852–1865, after Dickens’ Household Words).[2]
An 1864 epileptic seizure reduced his theatrical work, but he wrote the historical novels Hohenschwangau (1868) and Fritz Ellrodt (1872), Die Söhne Pestalozzis (1870, based on Kaspar Hauser), and the autobiographical sketches Lebensbilder (1870–1872). After another seizure, Gutzkow visited Italy in 1873 and then retired to the countryside near Heidelberg before returning to Frankfurt, where he died on 16 December 1878.[2]
Legacy
Gutzkow was among the first Germans to try to make a living by writing. He promoted the emancipation of the Jews in works like Uriel Acosta, which was translated into Yiddish as a Yiddish theater staple. A reformer rather than a revolutionary, he grew more conservative with age[3] and fell into neglect by 1910.[2] His work’s polemics reflected generational struggles, shaping German thought.[7]
Adaptations
His five-act comedy Zopf und Schwert (1844) was twice adapted: the 1926 film Sword and Shield by Aafa-Film, and Edmund Nick‘s 1940 operetta Über alles siegt die Liebe (Love Conquers Everything) to Bruno Hardt-Warden‘s libretto.
References
- ^ a b c d Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). . Encyclopedia Americana.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). “Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand“. Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 744–745.
- ^ a b Sagarra, Eda (2000). “Karl Gutzkow, 1811-1878.” Encyclopedia of German Literature. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 391-392.
- ^ Toews, John (1980). “Right, Center, and Left: the divison of the Hegelian school in the 1830s”. Hegelianism: The Path Toward Dialectical Humanism, 1805–1841. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-521-23048-3.
- ^ a b Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
- ^ Michael Mielewczik, Michal Simunek, Uwe Hoßfeld (2023), “On a possible dating of Mendel´s notes and knowledge on meteorology.”, Folia Mendeliana, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 19–21
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