==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
<ref>{{cite book |last1=Leopold |first1=Robert |title=Prescriptive Alliance and Ritual Collaboration in Loma Society |date=1991 |publisher=Unpub, Ph.D Disseration |location=Indiana}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Murdock |first1=George |title=It’s Peoples and their Culture History |date=1959 |publisher=McGraw-Hill NY |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gaisseau |first1=Dominique |last2=Becker |first2=Stephen |title=The Sacred Forest: Magic and Secret Rites in French Guinea |date=1954 |publisher=Knopf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Olson |first1=James |title=The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary |date=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Levtzion |first1=Nehemia |title=Ancient Ghana and Mali |date=1980 |publisher=Africana Pub. CO}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Atkins |first1=Guy |title=Manding: Focus on an African Civilisation |publisher=School of Oriental and African Studie, Centre for african studies |location=1972}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=O’Toole |first1=Thomas |last2=Baker |first2=Janice |title=Historical Dictionary of Guinea |date=2005 |publisher=Scarecrow Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ledbetter Jr. |first1=Clyde |title=The Promotion of the African Human and Peoples’ Rights System in the Gambia, a Cross Cultural & Africological Analysis.” |date=2013 |publisher=Temple University Libraires}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hodge |first1=C.T. |title=Papers On the Manding |date=1971 |publisher=Indiana University}}</ref>
==External links==
==External links==
West African ethnic group
Ethnic group
 |
|
| 309,000[citation needed] | |
 Guinea |
144,000 [1] |
|---|---|
 Liberia |
165,000 [2] |
| Loma, French, English | |
| Traditional, Christianity, Islam | |
| Mende people, Kpelle people, Kissi people, Mano people, Vai people, Kono people, Gbandi people | |
The Loma people, sometimes called Loghoma, Looma, Lorma or Toma, are a West African ethnic group living primarily in mountainous, sparsely populated regions near the border between Guinea and Liberia.[3][4] Their population was estimated at 330,000 in the two countries in 2010.[5] They are closely related to the Mende people.[4]
The Loma speak a language in the Southwestern branch of the Mande languages, belonging to the Niger-Congo family of languages. The language is similar to the Kpelle, Mende, Vai, and Bandi languages.[3] The Loma refer to their language as Löömàgòòi [lɔːmàɡòːi], or Löghömàgòòi [lɔɣɔmàɡòːi] in Guinea. They refer to themselves as Löömàgìtì Loma pronunciation: [lɔːmàɡìtì], or Löghömagiti [lɔɣɔmaɡiti] in Guinea.[3] The Loma people, led by Wido Zobo and assisted by a Loma weaver named Moriba, developed a writing script for their language in the 1930s.[5] This writing script contains at least 185 characters.[6]
The Mandinka, Koniaka, and Kissi refer to the Loma as Toma.[1][3] The Loma have retained their traditional religion, and resisted the Islamic incursion. The Loma people called the religious conflict with Mandinka people a historic ‘rolling war’.[7]
The Loma people are notable for their large wooden masks that merge syncretic animal and human motifs. These masks have been a part of their Poro secret rites of passage. The largest masks are about six feet high, contain feather decorations and believed by Loma to have forest spirits.[8]
The Loma people farm rice, but in shifting farms. They are exogamous people, with patrilineal social organization in matters related to inheritance, succession and lineage affiliations with one-marriage rule. Joint families, or virilocal communities are common, wherein families of brothers settle close to each other.[9]
The Loma people are also referred to as Buzi, Buzzi, Logoma, Toale, Toali, Toa, or Tooma.[10]
| Loma surnames |
|
|---|
Notable Loma people
[edit]
- ^ a b Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009). “Toma”. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. SIL International.
- ^ Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009). “Loma”. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. SIL International.
- ^ a b c d Leopold, Robert Selig (1991). “2”. Prescriptive Alliance and Ritual Collaboration in Loma Society (Thesis). Indiana University. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16.
- ^ a b Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
- ^ a b Frank Sherman (2010). Liberia: The Land, Its People, History and Culture. New Africa Press. pp. 211–212. ISBN 978-9987-16-025-9.
- ^ Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 552. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
- ^ Christian K. Højbjerg (2010), Victims And Heroes: Manding Historical Imagination In A Conflict-Ridden Border Region (Liberia-Guinea), in The Powerful Presence of the Past, Brill Academic, ISBN 978-9004191402, pages 273-294
- ^ Ayodeji Olukoju (2006). Culture and Customs of Liberia. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 61–62. ISBN 978-0-313-33291-3.
- ^ Currens, Gerald E. (1972). “The Loma Avunculate: An Exercise in the Utility of Two Models”. Ethnology. 11 (2). University of Pittsburgh Press: 111–121. doi:10.2307/3773294. JSTOR 3773294.
- ^ RAMEAU, BnF [1]
- ^ Leopold, Robert (1991). Prescriptive Alliance and Ritual Collaboration in Loma Society. Indiana: Unpub, Ph.D Disseration.
- ^ Murdock, George (1959). It’s Peoples and their Culture History. New York: McGraw-Hill NY.
- ^ Gaisseau, Dominique; Becker, Stephen (1954). The Sacred Forest: Magic and Secret Rites in French Guinea. Knopf.
- ^ Olson, James (1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood Press.
- ^ Levtzion, Nehemia (1980). Ancient Ghana and Mali. Africana Pub. CO.
- ^ Atkins, Guy. Manding: Focus on an African Civilisation. 1972: School of Oriental and African Studie, Centre for african studies.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ O’Toole, Thomas; Baker, Janice (2005). Historical Dictionary of Guinea. Scarecrow Press.
- ^ Ledbetter Jr., Clyde (2013). The Promotion of the African Human and Peoples’ Rights System in the Gambia, a Cross Cultural & Africological Analysis.”. Temple University Libraires.
- ^ Hodge, C.T. (1971). Papers On the Manding. Indiana University.
