Ngoenyang: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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| {{nowrap|Khun Chin/Lao Chuen}}||{{nowrap|ขุนชิน/ลาวชื่น}}|| ||Younger son of Lao Chong

| Yi [[Chueang]]||ยี่เจือง|| ||Younger son of [[Khun Chom Tham]] and married the two daughters of [[Khun Chin]]. He had two brothers: Ai Chueang ({{lang|th|อ้ายเจือง}}), who ruled Mueang [[Chiang Rai]] and was killed in battle while assisting his uncle, Khun Chin, in resisting the invasion of [[Muang Phuan]] and [[Candrapuri]]; and Khun Chong ({{lang|th|ขุนชอง}}), who succeeded their father, [[Khun Chom Tham]], at [[Phayao Kingdom|Phayao]].

| {{nowrap|Lao Ngoen Rueang}}||{{nowrap|ลาวเงินเรือง}}|| ||Son of the previous. Born to Paeng Chan Phong ({{lang|th|นางอามแพงจันทน์ผง}}), a daughter of Khun Chin.

Kingdom of Northern Thai people (638–1292)

Wat Phra That Doi Pu Khao [th], built by the Kings of Hiran

Hiran Nakhon Ngoenyang (Thai: หิรัญนครเงินยาง), also known as Jayavaranagara (ชยวรนคร), Mueang Chiang Lao (เมืองเชียงลาว)^[1], Hiraṇyanagara Ngoenyang Chiang Saen (หิรัญญนครเงินยางเชียงแสน),^[2] Nagarayāṅgapura (นครยางคปุระ),^[3], or Thasai Ngoenyang (เมืองท่าทรายเงินยาง)^[4] was an early mueang or kingdom of the Northern Thai people from the 7th through 13th centuries AD and was originally centered on Hiran, formerly Wiang Prueksa, in modern-day Thailand near today’s Mae Sai district in Chiang Rai, and later on Ngoenyang or Wiang Phang Kham. King Mangrai, the 25th king of Ngoenyang, went on to found Lanna.^[5]

History

Formation

Following the collapse of the Yonok Kingdom as a result of a severe earthquake in the 6th century, the remaining settlements consolidated into an alliance and relocated the principal political center to Wiang Prueksa, which was subsequently governed by a succession of sixteen rulers.^[6]^: 105 Thereafter, Tai Yuan people of Wiang Prueksa invited Lao Chakkaraj, a head of the Lawa people from Doi Tung, to became their new ruler.^[7]^: 53–4 After ascending the throne, Lao Chakkaraj reconstructed the city, and established it as his new chief center under the name “Hiran Nakhon” in 638.^[5] He also rebuilt Mueang Fang and later founded new cities that became Chiang Rai and Chiang Khong.^[8]^: 244–5

During the early reign of Lao Chakkaraj, the polity of Ngoenyang comprised 57 cities,^[8]^: 241–3 with four additional regional centers besides Hiran–Ngoenyang: Mueang Fang, north of modern Chiang Mai province; Mong Hsat in present-day Shan State, Myanmar; Mueang Hang Rung Rung (เมืองหางรังรุ้ง) in modern Hot district of Chiang Mai province; and Mueang Jawad Noi (เมืองจวาดน้อย/สาดน้อย) in present-day Mueang Chiang Mai district.^[8]^: 245 The northernmost extent of his polity was Mong Yawng, where he appointed one of his sons as ruler,^[8]^: 247 while the eastern boundary adjoined Vieng Phouka, ruled by his uncle, whose daughter later married Lao Kao Kaeo Ma Mueang, youngest son of Lao Chakkaraj.^[8]^: 257

In 662, the southern part in the Ping River Basin was split off and became the Haripuñjaya Kingdom, ruled by Queen Camadevi of Lavo. After the end of Lao Chakkaraj‘s reign in 759, his three sons ruled separate polities independently, without interference in each other’s affairs.^[1]^: 7 This division fragmented the polity into three parts: the eastern part, with its seat at Chiang Khong, ruled by the eldest son Lao Khob (ลาวคอบ); the northern part, centered at Mong Yawng, ruled by the middle son Lao Chang (ลาวช้าง); and the youngest son, Lao Kao Kaeo Ma Mueang, succeeded his father at Hiran–Ngoenyang.^[8]^: 247

Location of Mueang Ngoenyang

Because the text preserved in the Chronicle of Chiang Saen directly identifies the city of Ngoenyang with modern Chiang Saen, this interpretation has previously been emphasized.^[2] However, the location indicated in this legend contrasts with several other textual traditions. The Nan Chronicle places Ngoenyang at Ta Sai (ท่าทราย) in Mae Sai District; the The Chiang Mai Chronicle situates it near the Sai River;^[1] and the Phayao Chronicle records that during the reign of Lao Khiang, the city of Yang Sai (ยางสาย)—his royal seat—was expanded and it was located at the foothills of Doi Tung in Mae Sai District.^[9] Taken together, these accounts suggest that Ngoenyang was most likely located in the vicinity of Doi Tung, while Hiran can be more confidently identified with modern Mae Sai. This conclusion is consistent with archaeological research conducted by Worasit Ophap at Wiang Phang Kham, an ancient city in Mae Sai district. His survey found that the site is enclosed by an earthen embankment that divides the settlement into two sections, indicating a later expansion of the city.^[10] The site is located in the Doi Wao–Doi Kha–Doi Pa Lao (ดอยเวา–ดอยคา–ดอยป่าเลา) area, which lies along the same mountain rage as Doi Tung. Wiang Phang Kham should therefore be identified as the same city as the city of Ngoenyang.^[5]^[11] Nevertheless, this identification remains disputed.^[5]

Early Tai muang conflicts

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The Rise of Mangrai

A pivotal transformation occurred in 1262 when Mangrai ascended the throne as the 25th ruler of Ngoenyang Chiang Lao. Visionary and ambitious, he sought to unify the smaller principalities scattered across the northern region. Upon his enthronement, Mangrai founded the city of Chiang Rai, designating it as his new capital. This act marked the end of the Lao Dynasty of Ngoenyang Chiang Lao and the beginning of the Mangrai dynasty, which later became the foundation of the Lan Na Kingdom.

Rulers

Two distinct versions of the Hiran Ngoenyang dynastic lineage are preserved in the historical tradition. The first, recorded in the The Chiang Mai Chronicle, identifies Mae Sai and Wiang Phang Kham as the principal royal seats. The second, presented in the Chronicle of Chiang Saen, asserts that Chiang Saen itself functioned as the dynastic center and offers a somewhat different sequence of rulers, with several reigns overlapping chronologically with those listed in the The Chiang Mai Chronicle.^[5] To date, no comparative study has systematically examined these two accounts to determine whether they describe a single dynasty from differing perspectives or represent parallel, contemporaneous dynasties.

With regard to the issue under discussion, the first eight monarchs recorded in both sources correspond closely in nomenclature, regnal periods, and chronological sequence. A notable divergence, however, appears from the 9th ruler onward. The Chiang Mai Chronicle identifies the ninth ruler, Lao Khiang, as having relocated the political center and expanded earlier settlements, thereby establishing Ngoenyang as a new administrative hub. By contrast, the Chronicle of Chiang Saen identifies the 9th ruler as Lao Ton, assigns him a significantly shorter reign, and provides no further information on political, administrative, or urban developments. The royal lineages in both sources begin to converge again in the late Ngoenyang period, from the early 12th century onward.

Color legend

Both sources (potentially) attest to the same monarch

The Chiang Mai Chronicle Seat: Mae Sai and Wiang Phang Kham				The Chronicle of Chiang SaenSeat: Chiang Saen
Reign^[1]^: 7–8		Name		Name		Reign^[7]^: 61–89
Duration (years)	Period	Thai	Romanized	Romanized	Thai	Period	Duration (years)
120	638^[8]^: 244–5–759?	ปู่เจ้าลาวจก	Lao Chakkaraj	Lao Chakkaraj	ปู่เจ้าลาวจก	638^[8]^: 244–5–759?	120
45	760–805	ลาวก้าวแก้วมาเมือง	Lao Kao Kaeo Ma Mueang	Lao Kao Taen Na Mueang	ลาวก้าวแทนนาเมือง	760–772	12
39	806–845	ลาวเสา	Lao Sao	Lao Sao	ลาวเส้า	773–813	40
26	846–872	ลาวตั้ง	Lao Tang	Lao Phang	ลาวพัง	814–844	30
18	873–891	ลาวกม	Lao Klom	Lao Luang	ลาวหลวง	845–875	30
16	892–908	ลาวแหลว	Lao Leow	Lao Leow	ลาวแหลว	876–903	27
15	909–924	ลาวกับ	Lao Kap	Lao Kad	ลาวกัด	904–923	19
17	925–942	ลาวกืน	Lao Kuen	Lao Ping	ลาวพิง	924–941	17
26	943–969	ลาวเครียง	Lao Khiang	Lao Ton	ลาวตน	942–960	18
20	970–990	ลาวคริว/ลาวกิน	Lao Khiu/Lao Gin	Lao Chom	ลาวจอม	961–976	15
15	991–1006	ลาวทึง	Lao Tueng	Lao Kwak	ลาวขวัก	977–1007	30
20	1007–1027	ลาวเทิง	Lao Toeng	Lao Changkwa Ruean Khamkaew	ลาวจังกวาเรือนคำแก้ว	1008–1040	32
17	1028–1045	ลาวตน	Lao Ton	Lao Kwak Waw	ลาวควักวาว	1041–1047	6
30	1046–1066	ลาวโฉม	Lao Chom	Khun Theung	ขุนเทือง	1048–1064	16
27	1067–1094	ลาวกวัก	Lao Kuak	Khun Thung	ขุนทึง	1065–1106	41
15	1095–1110	ลาวกวิน	Lao Kwin	Khun Rengkwa	ขุนเรงกวา
16	1111–1127	ลาวจง	Lao Chong	Khun Chin/Khun Chuen	ขุนชิน/ขุนชื่น		27
18	1128–1146	จอมผาเรือง	Chom Pha Rueang	Chom Pha Rueang	จอมผาเรือง		17
24	1147–1171	ลาวเจือง	Lao Chueang	Ai Chueang	อ้ายเจือง		7
26	1172–1198	ลาวเงินเรือง	Lao Ngoen Rueang	Lao Chueang/ Yi Chueang	ลาวเจือง/ ยี่เจือง	?	53
21	1198–1219	ลาวชื่น	Lao Chuen	Lao Ngoen Rueang	ลาวเงินเรือง	?	20
21	1219–1240	ลาวมิ่ง	Lao Ming	Lao Kiang	ลาวเคียง		16
25	1240–1265	ลาวเมิง/ขุนเมิง	Lao Meng	Lao Meng	ลาวเมง
40	1261/1265–1292	มังราย	Mangrai	Mangrai	มังราย

As the later portions of the royal lineages presented in both sources exhibit certain inconsistencies, the following offers an alternative reconstruction of the monarchs of this late period, based on a comparative interpretation of both sources and their relationship to the narrative of King Chueang.

Name		Reign	Note
Romanized	Thai	Reign	Note
The earlier rulers as represented in the table above
Lao Chong	ลาวจง		Father of Khun Ngoen and Khun Chin.
Lao Ngoen/Khun Ngoen^[5]	ลาวเงิน/ขุนเงิน		Father of Khun Chom Tham (ขุนจอมธรรม), the founding monarch of the Phayao Kingdom.^[12]
Khun Chin/Lao Chuen	ขุนชิน/ลาวชื่น		Younger son of Lao Chong
Yi Chueang	ยี่เจือง		Previously the ruler of Fang. Younger son of Khun Chom Tham and married the two daughters of Khun Chin. He had two brothers: Ai Chueang (อ้ายเจือง), who ruled Mueang Chiang Rai and was killed in battle while assisting his uncle, Khun Chin, in resisting the invasion of Muang Phuan and Candrapuri; and Khun Chong (ขุนชอง), who succeeded their father, Khun Chom Tham, at Phayao.
Lao Ngoen Rueang	ลาวเงินเรือง		Son of the previous. Born to Paeng Chan Phong (นางอามแพงจันทน์ผง), a daughter of Khun Chin.
Khun Paeng	ขุนแพง		As Lao Ngoen Rueang died without a male heir, Khun Paeng—who had previously ruled Phayao after succeeding his father, Chom Pha Rueang (จอมผาเรือง)—was enthroned as king of Ngoenyang.^[5]
Lao Ming	ลาวมิ่ง
Lao Meng	ลาวเมิง/ขุนเมิง
Mangrai	มังราย

Ngoenyang: Difference between revisions – Wikipedia