[[File:Carta de los Estados de Centro-America. LOC 99466745.tif|thumb|Map of Central America in 1862, prior to the annexation of the [[Mosquito Coast]] in 1894. Since 1860, Mosquito Reserve had theoretically been part of [[Nicaragua]], but in practice it was a quasi-independent state under the influence of the [[British Empire]].]]
[[File:Carta de los Estados de Centro-America. LOC 99466745.tif|thumb|Map of Central America in 1862, prior to the annexation of the [[Mosquito Coast]] in 1894. Since 1860, Mosquito Reserve had theoretically been part of [[Nicaragua]], but in practice it was a quasi-independent state under the influence of the [[British Empire]].]]
The ”’Nicaragua Crisis of 1894–1895”’ was triggered by the Nicaraguan annexation of the [[Mosquito Coast]], leading to the temporary British occupation of [[Corinto, Nicaragua|Corinto]].
The ”’Nicaragua Crisis of 1894–1895”’ was triggered by the Nicaraguan [[ ]], leading to the temporary British occupation of [[Corinto, Nicaragua|Corinto]].
==Treaty of Managua==
==Treaty of Managua==
{{Main|Treaty of Managua}}
{{Main|Treaty of Managua}}
On 28 January 1860, Britain and Nicaragua concluded the [[treaty of Managua]], which transferred to Nicaragua the [[suzerainty]] over the entire Caribbean coast from [[Cabo Gracias a Dios]] to Greytown but granted autonomy to the Miskito in the more limited Mosquito Reserve (the area described above). King [[George Augustus Frederic II|George Augustus Fredric II]] accepted this change on condition that he should retain his local [[authority]], and receive a yearly [[subvention]] of £1000 until 1870. On his death in 1865, Nicaragua refused to recognize his successor, [[William Henry Clarence]].
On 28 January 1860, Britain and Nicaragua concluded the [[treaty of Managua]], which transferred to Nicaragua the [[suzerainty]] over the entire Caribbean coast from [[Cabo Gracias a Dios]] to but granted autonomy to the in the more limited Mosquito Reserve (the area described above). King [[George Augustus Frederic II|George Augustus Fredric II]] accepted this change on condition that he should retain his local [[authority]], and receive a yearly [[subvention]] of £1000 until 1870. On his death in 1865, Nicaragua refused to recognize his successor, [[William Henry Clarence]].
The reserve nevertheless continued to be governed by an elected chief, aided by an administrative council, which met in Bluefields; and the Miskito denied that the suzerainty of Nicaragua connoted any right of interference with their internal affairs. The question was referred for arbitration to the Habsburg [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|emperor of Austria]], whose award (published in 1880) upheld the contention of the Indians, and affirmed that the suzerainty of Nicaragua was limited by the Miskitos’ right of [[self-government]].
The reserve nevertheless continued to be governed by an elected chief, aided by an administrative council, which met in Bluefields; and the denied that the suzerainty of Nicaragua connoted any right of interference with their internal affairs. The question was referred for arbitration to the Habsburg [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|emperor of Austria]], whose award (published in 1880) upheld the contention of the , and affirmed that the suzerainty of Nicaragua was limited by right of [[self-government]].
==Annexation of the Mosquito Reserve==
==Annexation of the Mosquito Reserve==
[[File:Map of the disputed territory between Nicaragua and Honduras.jpg|thumb|Map of [[Nicaragua]] in 1894 after the annexation of [[Mosquitia]], which became the [[Zelaya Department]]]]
[[File:Map of the disputed territory between Nicaragua and Honduras.jpg|thumb|Map of [[Nicaragua]] in 1894 after the annexation of [[Mosquitia]], which became the [[Zelaya Department]]]]
In early 1894, Nicaragua invaded the Mosquito Reserve, occupying Bluefields and deposing [[Robert Henry Clarence|Prince Robert Henry Clarence]], its Hereditary Chief, on 12 February 1894, only to be forced out in July by British and American intervention. After British forces withdrew, a riot broke out in the town of Bluefields, leading to a second Nicaraguan invasion. In August, 11 British subjects and 2 American subjects were arrested for involvement in the riot and sent to [[Managua]] for trial. The Nicaraguan troops remained and began the process of political reincorporation of the Mosquito territory. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Findling |first1=John |title=The United States and Zelaya: a study in the diplomacy of expediency |date=August 1971 |publisher=The University of Texas at Austin |pages=30-56}}</ref>
In early 1894, Nicaragua invaded the Mosquito Reserve, occupying Bluefields and deposing [[Robert Henry Clarence|Prince Robert Henry Clarence]], its Hereditary Chief, on 12 February 1894, only to be forced out in July by British and American intervention. After British forces withdrew, a riot broke out in the town of Bluefields, leading to a second Nicaraguan invasion. In August, 11 British subjects and 2 American subjects were arrested for involvement in the riot and sent to [[Managua]] for trial. The Nicaraguan troops remained and began the process of of the territory. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Findling |first1=John |title=The United States and Zelaya: a study in the diplomacy of expediency |date=August 1971 |publisher=The University of Texas at Austin |pages=30-56}}</ref>
After enjoying almost complete autonomy for fourteen years, on 20 November 1894 the Mosquito Reserve formally became incorporated into that of the republic of Nicaragua by Nicaraguan president [[José Santos Zelaya]]. The former Mosquito Coast was established as the Nicaraguan [[Zelaya Department|department of Zelaya]].
After enjoying almost complete autonomy for fourteen years, on 20 November 1894 the Mosquito Reserve the republic of Nicaragua Nicaraguan president [[José Santos Zelaya]] [[Zelaya Department|department of Zelaya]].
==British occupation of Corinto==
==British occupation of Corinto==
[[File:Bluefields c. 1910.jpg|thumb|Panorama of [[Bluefields]] c. 1910]]
[[File:Bluefields c. 1910.jpg|thumb|Panorama of [[Bluefields]] c. 1910]]
When Nicaragua refused to pay Britain an indemnity for the annexation of the Mosquito Reserve, the British responded by occupying the Nicaraguan Pacific port of [[Corinto, Nicaragua|Corinto]] on 27 April 1895.<ref>{{ cite news| url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=18950427&id=kNQUAAAAIBAJ&pg=5477,1950555 |date=28 April 1895 |title=The Spokesman-Review }}</ref> Eventually the British left after being paid indemnities by the Nicaraguan government.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBlqlhxSJgwC&q=Indemnities+Corinto+1895&pg=PA24|title=US Expansionism: The Imperialist Urge in the 1890s|first=David|last=Healy|page=24|date=1 September 2011|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]]|isbn=9780299058531|access-date=2 January 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pEGtDgAAQBAJ&q=Corinto+1895&pg=PA33|title=The Anglo-Venezuelan Boundary Dispute: A Victory for Whom?|first=María Verónica Valarino de|last=Abreu|page=33|isbn=9781365833847|access-date=2 January 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref>
When Nicaragua refused to pay Britain an indemnity for the of the Mosquito Reserve, the British responded by occupying the Nicaraguan Pacific port of [[Corinto, Nicaragua|Corinto]] on 27 April 1895.<ref>{{ cite news| url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=18950427&id=kNQUAAAAIBAJ&pg=5477,1950555 |date=28 April 1895 |title=The Spokesman-Review }}</ref> Eventually the British left after being paid indemnities by the Nicaraguan government.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBlqlhxSJgwC&q=Indemnities+Corinto+1895&pg=PA24|title=US Expansionism: The Imperialist Urge in the 1890s|first=David|last=Healy|page=24|date=1 September 2011|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]]|isbn=9780299058531|access-date=2 January 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pEGtDgAAQBAJ&q=Corinto+1895&pg=PA33|title=The Anglo-Venezuelan Boundary Dispute: A Victory for Whom?|first=María Verónica Valarino de|last=Abreu|page=33|isbn=9781365833847|access-date=2 January 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref>
Zelaya’s aggressive stance had paid off; and the British Empire, which probably did not want to go to war, waste resources on this distant land of no strategic interest to them (since they already owned [[British Honduras]], now [[Belize]]), and worsen its diplomatic relations with the U.S., ended up recognizing Nicaragua’s takeover of the area through the Altamirano-Harrison Treaty in 1905, in exchange for guaranteeing the natives exemption from taxes and military service and ensuring that they could live in their ancestral villages and territories according to their own customs.<ref name=”cidh”>{{cite web|access-date=28 March 2020 |periodical=www.cidh.org |title=Part I – Nicaraguan population of Mikito origin |url=http://www.cidh.org/countryrep/Miskitoeng/part1.htm}}<!– auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator –></ref>
Zelaya’s aggressive stance had paid off; and the British Empire, which probably did not want to go to war, waste resources on this distant land of no strategic interest to them (since they already owned [[British Honduras]], now [[Belize]]), and worsen its diplomatic relations with the U.S., ended up recognizing Nicaragua’s takeover of the area through the Altamirano-Harrison Treaty in 1905, in exchange for guaranteeing the natives exemption from taxes and military service and ensuring that they could live in their ancestral villages and territories according to their own customs.<ref name=”cidh”>{{cite web|access-date=28 March 2020 |periodical=www.cidh.org |title=Part I – Nicaraguan population of Mikito origin |url=http://www.cidh.org/countryrep/Miskitoeng/part1.htm}}<!– auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator –></ref>
British occupation of Corinto after Nicaragua treaty violation
The Nicaragua Crisis of 1894–1895 was triggered by the Nicaraguan military occupation of Bluefields, Mosquitia, leading to the temporary British occupation of Corinto.
On 28 January 1860, Britain and Nicaragua concluded the treaty of Managua, which transferred to Nicaragua the suzerainty over the entire Caribbean coast from Cabo Gracias a Dios to Grey Town but granted autonomy to the Mosquitian people in the more limited Mosquito Reserve (the area described above). King George Augustus Fredric II accepted this change on condition that he should retain his local authority, and receive a yearly subvention of £1000 until 1870. On his death in 1865, Nicaragua refused to recognize his successor, William Henry Clarence.
The reserve nevertheless continued to be governed by an elected chief, aided by an administrative council, which met in Bluefields; and the Mosquitians denied that the suzerainty of Nicaragua connoted any right of interference with their internal affairs. The question was referred for arbitration to the Habsburg emperor of Austria, whose award (published in 1880) upheld the contention of the Mosquitian people, and affirmed that the suzerainty of Nicaragua was limited by their right of self-government.
Annexation of the Mosquito Reserve
[edit]
In early 1894, Nicaragua invaded the Mosquito Reserve, occupying Bluefields and deposing Prince Robert Henry Clarence, its Hereditary Chief, on 12 February 1894, only to be forced out in July by British and American intervention. After British forces withdrew, a riot broke out in the town of Bluefields, leading to a second Nicaraguan invasion. In August, 11 British subjects and 2 American subjects were arrested for involvement in the riot and sent to Managua for trial. The Nicaraguan troops remained and began the process of military occupation of the Mosquitian territory. [1]
After enjoying almost complete autonomy for fourteen years, on 20 November 1894 the Mosquito Reserve was under full military occupation by the republic of Nicaragua under Nicaraguan president José Santos Zelaya, and renamed it department of Zelaya.
British occupation of Corinto
[edit]
When Nicaragua refused to pay Britain an indemnity for the occupation of the Mosquito Reserve, the British responded by occupying the Nicaraguan Pacific port of Corinto on 27 April 1895.[2] Eventually the British left after being paid indemnities by the Nicaraguan government.[3][4]
Zelaya’s aggressive stance had paid off; and the British Empire, which probably did not want to go to war, waste resources on this distant land of no strategic interest to them (since they already owned British Honduras, now Belize), and worsen its diplomatic relations with the U.S., ended up recognizing Nicaragua’s takeover of the area through the Altamirano-Harrison Treaty in 1905, in exchange for guaranteeing the natives exemption from taxes and military service and ensuring that they could live in their ancestral villages and territories according to their own customs.[5]
