The World Health Organization characterizes [[salmonellosis]] as a foodborne disease whose symptoms include diarrhea, fever, nausea, vomiting, and in severe cases death.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salmonella (non-typhoidal) |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/salmonella-(non-typhoidal) |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> [[Salmonellosis]] has been assessed to primarily occur in human hosts due to bacterial colonization of the intestinal tract after the consumption of contaminated food or water, but it is also known to spread from person-to-person via the fecal-oral route.<ref>{{Citation |last=Giannella |first=Ralph A. |title=Salmonella |date=1996 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8435/ |work=Medical Microbiology |editor-last=Baron |editor-first=Samuel |access-date=2023-10-26 |edition=4th |place=Galveston (TX) |publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston |isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2 |pmid=21413334}}</ref> To reduce the risk associated with contracting this disease, proper food safety measures should be applied to high-risk food products including poultry, beef, pork, lamb, eggs, and fresh produce.<ref name=”Ehuwa O”>Ehuwa O, Jaiswal AK, Jaiswal S. Salmonella, food safety and food handling practices. ”Foods”. 2021;10(5). doi:https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/5/907/htm </ref> Food manufacturers, ingredient suppliers, restaurants, and home cooks should practice sanitary processing procedures, store foods below 5 °C, and thoroughly cook all foods to their designated safe-to-eat temperatures.<ref name=”Ehuwa O” /> It has become increasingly difficult to mitigate the presence of salmonellosis infections across the human population due to the unique nature of multidrug-resistant serovars as a result of the counterproductive effects to use antibiotics as a broad spectrum treatment.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica SerotypeTyphimurium DT104 Infections in the United States|first1=M. Kathleen|last1=Glynn|first2=Cheryl|last2=Bopp|first3=Wallis|last3=Dewitt|first4=Paul|last4=Dabney|first5=Mohammad|last5=Mokhtar|first6=Frederick J.|last6=Angulo|date=May 7, 1998|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=338|issue=19|pages=1333–1339|doi=10.1056/NEJM199805073381901|doi-access=free|pmid=9571252 }}</ref> Key host [[immune deficiencies]] associated with [[HIV]], [[malaria]] and malnutrition have contributed to a wide spread of this disease and the need to use expensive [[antimicrobial drugs]] in the poorest health services in the world.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Feasey NA, Dougan G, Kingsley RA, Heyderman RS, Gordon MA |date=June 2012 |title=Invasive non-typhoidal salmonella disease: an emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa |journal=Lancet |volume=379 |issue=9835 |pages=2489–2499 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61752-2 |pmc=3402672 |pmid=22587967}}</ref> But also bacterial factors, such as upregulated activity of the virulence gene ”pgtE”, due to a [[Single-nucleotide polymorphism|single nucleotide polymorphism]] (SNP) in its promoter region, have been shown to have a great impact upon the pathogenesis of this particular ”Salmonella” sequence type.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Hammarlöf DL, Kröger C, Owen SV, Canals R, Lacharme-Lora L, Wenner N, Schager AE, Wells TJ, Henderson IR, Wigley P, Hokamp K, Feasey NA, Gordon MA, Hinton JC |date=March 2018 |title=Role of a single noncoding nucleotide in the evolution of an epidemic African clade of ”Salmonella” |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=115 |issue=11 |pages=E2614–E2623 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115E2614H |doi=10.1073/pnas.1714718115 |pmc=5856525 |pmid=29487214 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
The World Health Organization characterizes [[salmonellosis]] as a foodborne disease whose symptoms include diarrhea, fever, nausea, vomiting, and in severe cases death.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salmonella (non-typhoidal) |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/salmonella-(non-typhoidal) |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> [[Salmonellosis]] has been assessed to primarily occur in human hosts due to bacterial colonization of the intestinal tract after the consumption of contaminated food or water, but it is also known to spread from person-to-person via the fecal-oral route.<ref>{{Citation |last=Giannella |first=Ralph A. |title=Salmonella |date=1996 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8435/ |work=Medical Microbiology |editor-last=Baron |editor-first=Samuel |access-date=2023-10-26 |edition=4th |place=Galveston (TX) |publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston |isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2 |pmid=21413334}}</ref> To reduce the risk associated with contracting this disease, proper food safety measures should be applied to high-risk food products including poultry, beef, pork, lamb, eggs, and fresh produce.<ref name=”Ehuwa O”>Ehuwa O, Jaiswal AK, Jaiswal S. Salmonella, food safety and food handling practices. ”Foods”. 2021;10(5). doi:https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/5/907/htm </ref> Food manufacturers, ingredient suppliers, restaurants, and home cooks should practice sanitary processing procedures, store foods below 5 °C, and thoroughly cook all foods to their designated safe-to-eat temperatures.<ref name=”Ehuwa O” /> It has become increasingly difficult to mitigate the presence of salmonellosis infections across the human population due to the unique nature of multidrug-resistant serovars as a result of the counterproductive effects to use antibiotics as a broad spectrum treatment.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica SerotypeTyphimurium DT104 Infections in the United States|first1=M. Kathleen|last1=Glynn|first2=Cheryl|last2=Bopp|first3=Wallis|last3=Dewitt|first4=Paul|last4=Dabney|first5=Mohammad|last5=Mokhtar|first6=Frederick J.|last6=Angulo|date=May 7, 1998|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=338|issue=19|pages=1333–1339|doi=10.1056/NEJM199805073381901|doi-access=free|pmid=9571252 }}</ref> Key host [[immune deficiencies]] associated with [[HIV]], [[malaria]] and malnutrition have contributed to a wide spread of this disease and the need to use expensive [[antimicrobial drugs]] in the poorest health services in the world.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Feasey NA, Dougan G, Kingsley RA, Heyderman RS, Gordon MA |date=June 2012 |title=Invasive non-typhoidal salmonella disease: an emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa |journal=Lancet |volume=379 |issue=9835 |pages=2489–2499 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61752-2 |pmc=3402672 |pmid=22587967}}</ref> But also bacterial factors, such as upregulated activity of the virulence gene ”pgtE”, due to a [[Single-nucleotide polymorphism|single nucleotide polymorphism]] (SNP) in its promoter region, have been shown to have a great impact upon the pathogenesis of this particular ”Salmonella” sequence type.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Hammarlöf DL, Kröger C, Owen SV, Canals R, Lacharme-Lora L, Wenner N, Schager AE, Wells TJ, Henderson IR, Wigley P, Hokamp K, Feasey NA, Gordon MA, Hinton JC |date=March 2018 |title=Role of a single noncoding nucleotide in the evolution of an epidemic African clade of ”Salmonella” |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=115 |issue=11 |pages=E2614–E2623 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115E2614H |doi=10.1073/pnas.1714718115 |pmc=5856525 |pmid=29487214 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
