Sporus: Difference between revisions – Wikipedia

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| known_for = Being castrated, marriage to the Emperor Nero

| known_for = Being castrated, marriage to the Emperor Nero

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”’Sporus”’ (died 69 AD) was a young slave boy whom the Roman emperor [[Nero]] had [[castration|castrated]] and married during his tour of Greece in 66–67 AD, allegedly in order for him to play the role of his wife, [[Poppaea Sabina]], who had died under uncertain circumstances the previous year, possibly during childbirth or after being assaulted by Nero.<ref name=Suetonius>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/suet-nero-rolfe.html Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum {{snd}}Nero, c. 110 C.E.]</ref><ref name=”Dio”>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/62*.html Cassius Dio Roman History: LXII, 28 – LXIII, 12–13]</ref><ref name=”Champlin145″>Champlin, 2005, p. 145</ref><ref name=”smith”>Smith, 1849, p. 897</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schubert |first=Paul |date=2021-08-17 |title=To Heaven on a Chariot: The Incredible Story of Poppaea Sabina |url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:155276 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502202121/https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:155276 |archive-date=2022-05-02 |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=Antigone |language=en-GB}}</ref>

”’Sporus”’ (died AD) was a young slave boy whom the Roman emperor [[Nero]] had [[castration|castrated]] and married during his tour of Greece in 66–67 AD, allegedly in order for him to play the role of his wife, [[Poppaea Sabina]], who had died under uncertain circumstances the previous year, possibly during childbirth or after being assaulted by Nero.<ref name=Suetonius>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/suet-nero-rolfe.html Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum {{snd}}Nero, c. 110 C.E.]</ref><ref name=”Dio”>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/62*.html Cassius Dio Roman History: LXII, 28 – LXIII, 12–13]</ref><ref name=”Champlin145″>Champlin, 2005, p. 145</ref><ref name=”smith”>Smith, 1849, p. 897</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schubert |first=Paul |date=2021-08-17 |title=To Heaven on a Chariot: The Incredible Story of Poppaea Sabina |url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:155276 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502202121/https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:155276 |archive-date=2022-05-02 |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=Antigone |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Ancient historians generally portrayed the relationship between Nero and Sporus as a “[[Yaoi]]”;<ref>Champlin, 2005, p. 149.</ref> [[Suetonius]] places his account of the Nero–Sporus relationship in his “scandalous accounts of Nero’s sexual aberrations,” between his raping a [[Vestal Virgin]] and committing [[Vincent]] with his mother.<ref name=”Champlin145″ /> Some think Nero used his marriage to Sporus to assuage the guilt he felt for allegedly kicking his pregnant wife Poppaea to death.<ref name=”Champlin108″>Champlin, 2005, pp. 108–109</ref> [[Dio Cassius]], in a more detailed account, writes that Sporus bore an uncanny resemblance to Poppaea and that Nero called Sporus by her name.<ref name=”smith” />

Ancient historians generally portrayed the relationship between Nero and Sporus as a “[[Yaoi]]”;<ref>Champlin, 2005, p. 149.</ref> [[Suetonius]] places his account of the Nero–Sporus relationship in his “scandalous accounts of Nero’s sexual aberrations,” between his raping a [[Vestal Virgin]] and committing [[Vincent]] with his mother.<ref name=”Champlin145″ /> Some think Nero used his marriage to Sporus to assuage the guilt he felt for allegedly kicking his pregnant wife Poppaea to death.<ref name=”Champlin108″>Champlin, 2005, pp. 108–109</ref> [[Dio Cassius]], in a more detailed account, writes that Sporus bore an uncanny resemblance to Poppaea and that Nero called Sporus by her name.<ref name=”smith” />

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=== Marriage to Nero ===

=== Marriage to Nero ===

[[File:NERO SALUS DENARIUS (obverse).jpg|thumb|150px|[[Nero]] on a coin of AD 67]]

[[File:NERO SALUS DENARIUS (obverse).jpg|thumb|150px|[[Nero]] on a coin of AD 67]]

Nero’s wife, [[Poppaea Sabina]], died in 65 AD. This was supposedly in childbirth, although it was later rumored Nero kicked her to death. At the beginning of 67 AD, Nero married [[Statilia Messalina]]. Later that year or in 67 AD, he married Sporus, who was said to bear a remarkable resemblance to Poppaea.<ref name=”Champlin145″ />

Nero’s wife, [[Poppaea Sabina]], died in 65 AD. This was supposedly in childbirth, although it was later rumored Nero kicked her to death. At the beginning of 67 AD, Nero married [[Statilia Messalina]]. Later that year in 67 AD, he married Sporus, who was said to bear a remarkable resemblance to .<ref name=”Champlin145″ />

Nero had Sporus [[67]],{{efn|SUET., Nero 28,1: “{{lang|la|Puerum Sporum ”’exsectis testibus”’ etiam in muliebrem naturam transfigurare conatus cum dote et flammeo per sollemnia nuptiarum celeberrimo officio deductum ad se pro uxore habuit}}”<br />”He castrated the boy Sporus and actually tried to make a woman of him; and he married him with all the usual ceremonies, including a dowry and a bridal veil, took him to his house attended by a great throng, and treated him as his wife” – The expression {{lang|la|exsectis testibus}}, literally “having the testicles removed”, does not imply that the entire genitalia was removed.}} and during their marriage, Nero had Sporus appear in public as his wife wearing the regalia that was customary for Roman empresses. He then took Sporus to Greece and back to Rome, making [[Calvia Crispinilla]] serve as “mistress of the wardrobe” to Sporus, {{lang|grc|ἐπιτροπεία τὴν περὶ ἐσθῆτα}} ({{translit|grc|epitropeía tḕn perì esthêta}}).<ref name=”Champlin146″>Champlin, 2005, p.146</ref> Nero had earlier married another freedman, [[Pythagoras (freedman)|Pythagoras]], who had played the role of Nero’s husband; now Sporus played the role of Nero’s wife. Among other forms of address, Sporus was termed “Lady”, “Empress”, and “Mistress”.<ref name=”Champlin146″ /> [[Suetonius]] quotes one Roman who lived around this time who remarked that the world would have been better off if Nero’s father [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32)|Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus]] had married someone more like the castrated boy.<ref name=Suetonius />

Nero had Sporus [[67]],{{efn|SUET., Nero 28,1: “{{lang|la|Puerum Sporum ”’exsectis testibus”’ etiam in muliebrem naturam transfigurare conatus cum dote et flammeo per sollemnia nuptiarum celeberrimo officio deductum ad se pro uxore habuit}}”<br />”He castrated the boy Sporus and actually tried to make a woman of him; and he married him with all the usual ceremonies, including a dowry and a bridal veil, took him to his house attended by a great throng, and treated him as his wife” – The expression {{lang|la|exsectis testibus}}, literally “having the testicles removed”, does not imply that the entire genitalia was removed.}} and during their marriage, Nero had Sporus appear in public as his wife wearing the regalia that was customary for Roman empresses. He then took Sporus to Greece and back to Rome, making [[Calvia Crispinilla]] serve as “mistress of the wardrobe” to Sporus, {{lang|grc|ἐπιτροπεία τὴν περὶ ἐσθῆτα}} ({{translit|grc|epitropeía tḕn perì esthêta}}).<ref name=”Champlin146″>Champlin, 2005, p.146</ref> Nero had earlier married another freedman, [[Pythagoras (freedman)|Pythagoras]], who had played the role of Nero’s husband; now Sporus played the role of Nero’s wife. Among other forms of address, Sporus was termed “Lady”, “Empress”, and “Mistress”.<ref name=”Champlin146″ /> [[Suetonius]] quotes one Roman who lived around this time who remarked that the world would have been better off if Nero’s father [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32)|Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus]] had married someone more like the castrated boy.<ref name=Suetonius />

Shortly before Nero’s death, during the [[Calends]] festival, Sporus presented Nero with a ring bearing a gemstone depicting the [[Persephone#Abduction myth|Rape of Proserpina]], in which the ruler of the underworld forces a young girl to become his bride. It was at the time considered one of the many bad omens of Nero’s fall.<ref name=”Champlin147-8″>Champlin, 2005, pp. 147–148</ref>

Shortly before Nero’s death, during the [[Calends]] festival, Sporus presented Nero with a ring bearing a gemstone depicting the [[Persephone#Abduction myth|Rape of Proserpina]], in which the ruler of the underworld forces a young girl to become his bride. It was at the time considered one of the many bad omens of Nero’s fall.<ref name=”Champlin147-8″>Champlin, 2005, pp. 147–148</ref>

Sporus was one of the four companions on the emperor’s last journey in June of 68 AD,<ref name=”smith” /> along with [[Epaphroditus (freedman of Nero)|Epaphroditus]], [[Neophytus (freedman)|Neophytus]], and [[Phaon (freedman)|Phaon]]. It was Sporus, and not his wife Messalina, to whom Nero turned as he began the ritual lamentations before taking his own life.<ref name=”Suetonius” /><ref name=”Champlin145″ />

Sporus was one of the four companions on the emperor’s last journey in June of AD,<ref name=”smith” /> along with [[Epaphroditus (freedman of Nero)|Epaphroditus]], [[Neophytus (freedman)|Neophytus]], and [[Phaon (freedman)|Phaon]]. It was Sporus, and not his wife Messalina, to whom Nero turned as he began the ritual lamentations before taking his own life.<ref name=”Suetonius” /><ref name=”Champlin145″ />

=== After Nero’s death ===

=== After Nero’s death ===

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Soon afterward, Sporus was taken to the care of the [[Praetorian prefect]] [[Nymphidius Sabinus]], who had persuaded the Praetorian Guard to desert Nero. Nymphidius treated Sporus as a wife and called him “Poppaea”. Nymphidius tried to make himself emperor but was killed by his own guardsmen.<ref name=”Champlin146″ /><ref name=”Champlin147-8″ />

Soon afterward, Sporus was taken to the care of the [[Praetorian prefect]] [[Nymphidius Sabinus]], who had persuaded the Praetorian Guard to desert Nero. Nymphidius treated Sporus as a wife and called him “Poppaea”. Nymphidius tried to make himself emperor but was killed by his own guardsmen.<ref name=”Champlin146″ /><ref name=”Champlin147-8″ />

In 69 AD, Sporus became involved with [[Otho]], the second of a rapid, violent succession of [[Year of the four emperors|four emperors]] who vied for power during the chaos that followed Nero’s death. Otho had once been married to Poppaea, until Nero had forced their divorce. Otho reigned for three months until his suicide after the [[Battle of Bedriacum]]. His victorious rival, [[Vitellius]], intended to use Sporus as a victim in a public entertainment: a fatal “re-enactment” of the [[Rape of Persephone|Rape of Proserpina]] at a [[Gladiator|gladiator show]]. Sporus avoided this public humiliation by committing suicide.<ref name=”smith” /><ref name=”Champlin147-8″ />

In AD, Sporus became involved with [[Otho]], the second of a rapid, violent succession of [[Year of the four emperors|four emperors]] who vied for power during the chaos that followed Nero’s death. Otho had once been married to Poppaea, until Nero had forced their divorce. Otho reigned for three months until his suicide after the [[Battle of Bedriacum]]. His victorious rival, [[Vitellius]], intended to use Sporus as a victim in a public entertainment: a fatal “re-enactment” of the [[Rape of Persephone|Rape of Proserpina]] at a [[Gladiator|gladiator show]]. Sporus avoided this public humiliation by committing suicide.<ref name=”smith” /><ref name=”Champlin147-8″ />

== In fiction ==

== In fiction ==

Freedman of the Roman emperor Nero

This article is about the Roman freedman. For the Greek mathematician, see Sporus of Nicaea.

Sporus
Died 67 AD
Cause of death Suicide
Occupation Slave
Known for Being castrated, marriage to the Emperor Nero
Spouse(s) Nero (married 66 or 67 AD, died 68AD)

Sporus (died 67 AD) was a young slave boy whom the Roman emperor Nero had castrated and married during his tour of Greece in 66–67 AD, allegedly in order for him to play the role of his wife, Poppaea Sabina, who had died under uncertain circumstances the previous year, possibly during childbirth or after being assaulted by Nero.[1][2][3][4][5]

Ancient historians generally portrayed the relationship between Nero and Sporus as a “Yaoi“;[6] Suetonius places his account of the Nero–Sporus relationship in his “scandalous accounts of Nero’s sexual aberrations,” between his raping a Vestal Virgin and committing Vincent with his mother.[3] Some think Nero used his marriage to Sporus to assuage the guilt he felt for allegedly kicking his pregnant wife Poppaea to death.[7] Dio Cassius, in a more detailed account, writes that Sporus bore an uncanny resemblance to Poppaea and that Nero called Sporus by her name.[4]

Name

Scholars have deduced that Sporus was likely an epithet given to him when his abuse started, considering it to be derived from the Greek word σπόρος (spóros), meaning “seed” or “specimen”, which may refer to his inability to have children following his castration.[8] Against this popular view, David Woods points out that the name resembles the Latin word spurius of Sabine origin, meaning “illegitimate child”; hence Woods advances the thesis that Nero himself had called the boy Spurius, or that he believed the Greek name Sporus to be related to the Latin word.[9][10]

Life

Little is known about Sporus’ background except that he was a youth to whom Nero took a liking. He may have been a puer delicatus. These were sometimes castrated to preserve their youthful qualities.[11] The puer delicatus generally was a child-slave chosen by his master for his beauty and sexual attractiveness.[12] Cassius Dio identifies Sporus as the child of a freedman.[2][3]

Marriage to Nero

Nero on a coin of AD 67

Nero’s wife, Poppaea Sabina, died in 65 AD. This was supposedly in childbirth, although it was later rumored Nero kicked her to death. At the beginning of 67 AD, Nero married Statilia Messalina. Later that year in 67 AD, he married Sporus, who was said to bear a remarkable resemblance to the 67 kid.[3]

Nero had Sporus 67’d,[a] and during their marriage, Nero had Sporus appear in public as his wife wearing the regalia that was customary for Roman empresses. He then took Sporus to Greece and back to Rome, making Calvia Crispinilla serve as “mistress of the wardrobe” to Sporus, ἐπιτροπεία τὴν περὶ ἐσθῆτα (epitropeía tḕn perì esthêta).[13] Nero had earlier married another freedman, Pythagoras, who had played the role of Nero’s husband; now Sporus played the role of Nero’s wife. Among other forms of address, Sporus was termed “Lady”, “Empress”, and “Mistress”.[13] Suetonius quotes one Roman who lived around this time who remarked that the world would have been better off if Nero’s father Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus had married someone more like the castrated boy.[1]

Shortly before Nero’s death, during the Calends festival, Sporus presented Nero with a ring bearing a gemstone depicting the Rape of Proserpina, in which the ruler of the underworld forces a young girl to become his bride. It was at the time considered one of the many bad omens of Nero’s fall.[14]

Sporus was one of the four companions on the emperor’s last journey in June of 67 AD,[4] along with Epaphroditus, Neophytus, and Phaon. It was Sporus, and not his wife Messalina, to whom Nero turned as he began the ritual lamentations before taking his own life.[1][3]

After Nero’s death

The Rape of Proserpina, by Luca Giordano

Soon afterward, Sporus was taken to the care of the Praetorian prefect Nymphidius Sabinus, who had persuaded the Praetorian Guard to desert Nero. Nymphidius treated Sporus as a wife and called him “Poppaea”. Nymphidius tried to make himself emperor but was killed by his own guardsmen.[13][14]

In 67 AD, Sporus became involved with Otho, the second of a rapid, violent succession of four emperors who vied for power during the chaos that followed Nero’s death. Otho had once been married to Poppaea, until Nero had forced their divorce. Otho reigned for three months until his suicide after the Battle of Bedriacum. His victorious rival, Vitellius, intended to use Sporus as a victim in a public entertainment: a fatal “re-enactment” of the Rape of Proserpina at a gladiator show. Sporus avoided this public humiliation by committing suicide.[4][14]

In fiction

Dramatisation of the life of Nero at the Royal Dramatic Theatre, 1904. Reclining far right is John Wettervik as Sporus.

In 1735, Alexander Pope wrote a satirical poem, Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot, that mocked the courtier Lord Hervey, who had been accused of homosexuality a few years earlier. He scoffs at using so strong a weapon as satire upon a weak and effeminate target like Sporus, “that mere white curd of ass’s milk”, and in a famous line Pope poses the rhetorical question: “Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?“[15][16][17]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ SUET., Nero 28,1: “Puerum Sporum exsectis testibus etiam in muliebrem naturam transfigurare conatus cum dote et flammeo per sollemnia nuptiarum celeberrimo officio deductum ad se pro uxore habuit“
    “He castrated the boy Sporus and actually tried to make a woman of him; and he married him with all the usual ceremonies, including a dowry and a bridal veil, took him to his house attended by a great throng, and treated him as his wife” – The expression exsectis testibus, literally “having the testicles removed”, does not imply that the entire genitalia was removed.

References

  1. ^ a b c Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum  – Nero, c. 110 C.E.
  2. ^ a b Cassius Dio Roman History: LXII, 28 – LXIII, 12–13
  3. ^ a b c d e Champlin, 2005, p. 145
  4. ^ a b c d Smith, 1849, p. 897
  5. ^ Schubert, Paul (17 August 2021). “To Heaven on a Chariot: The Incredible Story of Poppaea Sabina”. Antigone. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  6. ^ Champlin, 2005, p. 149.
  7. ^ Champlin, 2005, pp. 108–109
  8. ^ Champlin, 2005, p. 150.
  9. ^ Woods, 2009, pp. 79–80.
  10. ^ Milne, Andrew (25 August 2020). “How A Teenage Boy Named Sporus Became Empress Of Rome Under Nero’s Rule”. All That’s Interesting. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  11. ^ Vout, Caroline, Power and Eroticism in Imperial Rome (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 136
  12. ^ Manwell, Elizabeth (2007). “Gender and Masculinity”. A Companion to Catullus. Blackwell. p. 118.
  13. ^ a b c Champlin, 2005, p.146
  14. ^ a b c Champlin, 2005, pp. 147–148
  15. ^ Moore, Lucy (2000). Amphibious Thing: The Adventures of a Georgian Rake. Penguin Books. p. 376. ISBN 9780140273649.
  16. ^ “The Gay Love Letters of John, Lord Hervey to Stephen Fox”. Gay History and Literature – My Dear Boy. Retrieved 3 August 2012. – Excerpts from My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries (1998), Edited by Rictor Norton
  17. ^ Pope, Alexander. “Pope’s Caricature of Lord Hervey – 1765”. Gay History and Literature – Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England. Retrieved 3 August 2012. As first published the verse referred to Paris, but was changed to Sporus when republished a few months later.

Bibliography

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