Some 15,000 British, Imperial and Allied troops had been assembled for the parade, many lodged in a temporary camp in [[Kensington Gardens]].<ref>*{{cite web |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/peace-and-commemoration |title=Peace and commemoration |author=<!–Not stated–> |date= |website=www.nam.ac.uk |publisher=National Army Museum |access-date= }}</ref> A huge number of spectators came to London for the day, estimated at five million people;<ref>{{cite web |author=<!– not stated –> |date= |title=Western Front: 1919/20 |url=https://anzac-22nd-battalion.com/western-front-1919/ |website=anzac-22nd-battalion.com |location= |publisher=Following the Twenty-Second |access-date=}}</ref> military bands played in the [[Royal Parks]] to entertain them. That morning, the King issued this message:
Some 15,000 British, Imperial and Allied troops had been assembled for the parade, many lodged in a temporary camp in [[Kensington Gardens]].<ref>*{{cite web |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/peace-and-commemoration |title=Peace and commemoration |author=<!–Not stated–> |date= |website=www.nam.ac.uk |publisher=National Army Museum |access-date= }}</ref> A huge number of spectators came to London for the day, estimated at five million people;<ref>{{cite web |author=<!– not stated –> |date= |title=Western Front: 1919/20 |url=https://anzac-22nd-battalion.com/western-front-1919/ |website=anzac-22nd-battalion.com |location= |publisher=Following the Twenty-Second |access-date=}}</ref> military bands played in the [[Royal Parks]] to entertain them. That morning, the King issued this message:
{{quote|To these, the sick and wounded who cannot take part in the festival of victory, I send out greetings and bid them good cheer, assuring them that the wounds and scars so honourable in themselves, inspire in the hearts of their fellow countrymen the warmest feelings of gratitude and respect.<ref name=”thegazette”>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/all-notices/content/100215 |title=This month in history: Peace Day, July 1919 |author=<!–Not stated–> |date= |website=www.thegazette.co.uk |publisher=The London Gazette |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref>}}
{{quote|To these, the sick and wounded who cannot take part in the festival of victory, I send out greetings and bid them good cheer, assuring them that the wounds and scars so honourable in themselves, inspire in the hearts of their fellow countrymen the warmest feelings of gratitude and respect.<ref name=”thegazette”>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/all-notices/content/100215 |title=This month in history: Peace Day, July 1919 |author=<!–Not stated–> |date= |website=www.thegazette.co.uk |publisher=The London Gazette |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref>}}
A special grandstand had been erected for disabled servicemen in their “hospital blue” uniforms, while another was provided for war widows and orphans.<ref>Cohen p. 101</ref>
A special grandstand had been erected for disabled servicemen in their “hospital blue” uniforms, while another was provided for war widows and orphans.<ref>Cohen p. 101</ref>
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East Pole Islands or Dongji Dao
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Lisbon Maru (りすぼん丸) was a Japanese freighter which was used as a troopship and prisoner-of-war transport between China and Japan. On 1 October 1942, while carrying almost 2,000 British and Commonwealth prisoners, she was torpedoed by a US Navy submarine and sank the following day. More than 800 of these men died, many of whom were shot or otherwise killed by the Japanese while they were seeking rescue.
After the capture of Hong Kong by the Imperial Japanese Army on 25 December 1941, some 11,000 British, Canadian, Indian and locally recruited troops became prisoners of war.[1] During 1942, the Japanese found that they had a worsening shortage of labour in their home islands, so they began the transfer of Allied prisoners of war to Japan for forced labour in mines, construction, industry and agriculture.[2]
Anthony Eden; “The uniform is to consist of one suit of overalls of design similar to that of battle dress, a field service cap, and an armlet bearing the letters ‘L.D.V.'”.[1]
Anthony Eden; “I am glad to be able to inform my hon. Friend that members of the Home Guard are to be supplied with boots.” [2]
Fleming, Peter Operation Sea Lion: Hitler’s Plot to Invade England (p. 200) – initial organisation and improvised weapons.
Robert Bridgeman, 2nd Viscount Bridgeman
he Defence of the United Kingdom (History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series)
Jackson, Robert (2013), Churchill’s Channel War: 1939-45, Osprey Publishing, ISBN: 9781472800671
Jewell, Brian (1981), British Battledress, 1937-61, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 0-85045-387-9 (p. 6)]
Lords of Parliament: Manners, Rituals and Politics By Emma Crewe
Comparison 1911 & 1937 Naval Reviews [3]
1911 Empire Parliamentary Association [4]
Boy Scouts help line the route [5]
Osprey – Men at Arms 107 – British Infantry Equipment (1)
MissSmithandherfamily.pdf – Colchester Castle
The British corps, under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir Ralph Abercromby, had been sent to Egypt to remove the French garrison from the region, following Napoleon‘s departure in August 1799. On 1 March 1801, the British corps, originally consisting of 15,300 men but much affected by disease, carried by a fleet of 175 ships, arrived at the natural harbour of Abu Qir, (known to the British as “Aboukir Bay”), some 23 kilometres (14 miles) from the port city of Alexandria. On 8 March, the British vanguard of 5,500 came ashore by boat, opposed by a French force of some 2,000 drawn up on the sand dunes overlooking the landing beach, an action known as the Second Battle of Abukir. The French were forced to retreat and the whole British corps had landed by nightfall.
Having established a depot and field hospital on the beach, the British besieged and captured Aboukir Castle from the French and began a cautious advance towards Alexandria along the narrow isthmus between the sea and Lake Aboukir, also known as “Lake Maadie”. By 12 March, the British had reached a feature called Mandora Tower, where they made camp for the night.
End of the Affair: The Collapse of the Anglo-French Alliance, 1939-40 By Eleanor M. Gates
Duke of Brunswick The Edinburgh Annual Register for 1809
Tour through the Eastern counties of England, 1722, by Defoe, Daniel
SAINTS’ RELICS IN MEDIEVAL ENGLISH LITERATURE
Pilgrimage in England
Pilgrimage in Medieval England
[edit]
Christian pilgrimage was an important feature of religion in Medieval England. Pilgrims travelled to venerate shrines, relics or artistic depictions of Jesus or the saints, which they believed would bring physical healing or forgiveness of sin. The practice of pilgrimage ended with the Reformation in England.
Timeline of British Army uniforms and equipment
[edit]
This is a Timeline of British Army uniforms and equipment. For an overview, see History of the British Army
- 1645: the New Model Army of England was created by Parliament in the English Civil War. The regiments of foot were provided with red coats using Venetian red which was the least expensive dye.
- 1660: the Restoration of the monarchy established a standing English army; colonels of regiments made their own arrangements for the manufacture of uniforms under their command, although red was a commonly used colour.
- 1707: establishment of a Board of General Officers which regulated the clothing of the army by a “sealed pattern” of uniform. Long red coats were lined with contrasting colours and turned out to provide distinctive regimental facings.
- 1747: the first of a series of clothing regulations and royal warrants that set out the various facing colours and distinctions to be borne by each regiment. The long coat was worn with a white or buff coloured waistcoat.
- 1797: the long tailcoat and waistcoat were replaced by a tightly fitting coatee.
- 1799: the traditional tricorne hat was replaced by a tall “stovepipe” shako.
A fresh air raid began before 16:00. Lancastria was bombed at 15:48 by Junkers Ju 88 aircraft from Kampfgeschwader 30. Three direct hits caused the ship to list first to starboard then to port, while a fourth bomb fell down the ship’s smokestack, detonating inside the engine room and releasing more than 1,200 tons of crude oil into the Loire estuary. Fifteen minutes after being hit, Lancastria began to capsize and some of those who were still on board managed to scramble over the ship’s railing to sit on the ship’s underside. Lancastria sank within twenty minutes.[citation needed]
When German aircraft began strafing survivors in the water[citation needed], the fuel oil which had leaked into the sea ignited, and was quickly transformed into a flaming inferno[citation needed]. Many drowned; others were choked by the oil, or were shot by strafing German aircraft.[citation needed]
Survivors were taken aboard other evacuation vessels, the trawler HMT Cambridgeshire rescuing 900.[1] There were 2,477 survivors, of whom about 100 were still alive in 2011.[2] Many families of the dead knew only that they died with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF); the death toll accounted for roughly a third of the total losses of the BEF in France.[2] She sank around 5 nmi (9.3 km) south of Chémoulin Point in the Charpentier roads, around 9 nmi (17 km) from St. Nazaire. The Lancastria Association names 1,738 people known to have been killed.[3] In 2005, Fenby wrote that estimates of the death toll vary from fewer than 3,000 to 5,800 people although it is also estimated that as many as 6,500 people perished, the largest loss of life in British maritime history.
Rudolph Sharp survived the sinking and went on to command the RMS Laconia, losing his life on 12 September 1942 in the Laconia incident off West Africa.[5]
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When the War of the Fifth Coalition broke out in 1809, Frederick William used this opportunity to create a Freikorps of partisans with the support of the Austrian Empire. This corps was called the Black Brunswickers because they wore black uniforms in mourning for their occupied country. He financed the corps independently by mortgaging his principality in Oels. After a spell in defensive positions, The Brunswick corps was attached to an Austrian force under Lieutenant field marshal Karl Friedrich am Ende, which was tasked with making a diversionary expedition into French-occupied Saxony in the hope of inspiring an insurrection.
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William Cotton Oswell, Hunter and Explorer: The Story of His Life
A Precarious Existence: British Submariners in World War One
Internment in the UK in WWII
[edit]
A policy towards those classified as enemy aliens of internment in the United Kingdom during the Second World War was implemented in stages between the British declaration of war on Germany in September 1939 and the end of the Battle of France in June 1940. This affected German and Austrian civilians, whether naturalised or not, some of whom were sympathetic to the Nazi regime, while most were refugees from antisemitism or from persecution because of their political activities. A further internment of Italian nationals commenced after the Italian entry into the war in June 1940, and again for the small number of Japanese expatriots living in Britain after the invasion of Hong Kong and the Japanese declaration of war on the British Empire in December 1941.
Internees were initially held in disused factories, holiday camps or even in prisons; sometimes in conditions of considerable squalor. Later, most were moved to seaside hotels and boarding houses on the Isle of Man, where conditions were better, but still spartan. Others were deported to camps in Canada or Australia, a policy that ended when one of the ships carrying internees was sunk by a U-boat in July 1940. Men who passed a vetting procedure were able to escape detention by volunteering for the Auxiliary Military Pioneer Corps, a labouring formation of the British Army. Others who were assessed to be of no risk were released in stages, although those who had been sent abroad faced long delays in returning to Britain.
Peace Day was a comemoration held on 19 July 1919 throughout the United Kingdom and the British Empire, to mark the signing of the Treaty of Versailles that finally ended the First World War. The main event was a military parade of British, Imperial and Allied soldiers, sailors and airmen through the streets of London to Buckingham Palace, where the salute was taken by King George V amd Queen Mary. The day was also marked by locally organised processions, pageants and feasts. Some demobilised servicemen were unhappy at the extravagence of these events when they were experiencing hardship, resulting in civil disorder in some places.
Although the Armistice of 11 November 1918 had brought an abrupt end to the fighting, the First World War would not formally end until the Paris Peace Conference had worked out the details of a settlement. The conference began in January 1919 and was domimated by the “Big Four” allied powers; France, the United Kingdom, Italy and the United States, and resulted in the Treaty of Versailles which was signed in June 1919.[1]
When it became apparent that a conclusion to the negotiations was at hand, a committee of the War Cabinet was established to consider how the restoration of peace ought best to be publicly celebrated. It met for the first time on 9 May 1919 under the chairmanship of Lord Curzon, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, who had organised the spectacular Delhi Durbar of 1911. The initial proposal was for a four-day event in the first week of August, including a military parade and a pageant on the River Thames. Although various government departments and the Armed Forces were represented on the committee, there was no attempt to consult any of the three main ex-servicemen’s organisations. Two of these, the National Association of Discharged Sailors and Soldiers and the National Federation of Discharged and Demobilised Sailors and Soldiers, had organised a protest rally in London on 6 May that had ended in violent disorder outside the Houses of Parliament.
The treaty was finally signed on 28 June; the War Cabinet met two days later to consider the plans for the public celebrations. Curzon reported that King George V thought that August would be too long a delay and that they ought to be held on 6 July, giving only only six days for preparation. After again consulting the King and with much debate, it was finally decided that Thanksgiving Services should be held throughout the the Empire on Sunday 6 July, with the “National Celebrations of Peace” on Saturday 19 July. Curzon had stated that he “doubted whether the occasion really justified extensive rejoicing” and perhaps with that in mind, the prime minister, David Lloyd George, suggested that a symbolic catafalque should represent the dead at some point on the parade route.[2][3]
National Service of Thanksgiving
[edit]
A National Service of Thanksgiving was swiftly organised by Lord Stamfordham, the King’s private secretary. He suggested that before and at the conclusion of the traditional Anglican service at St Paul’s Cathedral, the King and Royal Family should pause at the top of the steps for an ecumenical act of worship that could be witnessed by a large number of the public in the forecourt below. Lloyd George insisted that government ministers should have a prominent position in the procedings. The service, on Sunday 6 July, drew large crowds at the cathedral and all along the route to and from Buckingham Palace. Simultaneous services were also held in local churches across the United Kingdom and on the site of the Western Front in Belgium.[4]
On the same day that Lloyd George had suggested a “temporary pylon” as a focal point for the planned parade, Sir Edwin Lutyens was requested to design one that would be non-denominational and could be constructed in a fortnight. Lutyens suggested the using term cenotaph, which means an empty tomb.[5] The basis for the Lutyens’ design may have been the Stone of Remembrance which he had devised in 1917 for the Imperial War Graves Commission,[6] and a sketch by him, very similar to the final Cenotaph, survives dated 4 June 1919, some four weeks before it was requested. The monument itself was constructed in Whitehall outside the Foreign Office Main Building in only eleven days by the Ministry of Works; it was unveiled on Friday 18 July. the day before the parade.[7]
Some 15,000 British, Imperial and Allied troops had been assembled for the parade, many lodged in a temporary camp in Kensington Gardens.[8] A huge number of spectators came to London for the day, estimated at five million people;[9] military bands played in the Royal Parks to entertain them. That morning, the King issued this message:
To these, the sick and wounded who cannot take part in the festival of victory, I send out greetings and bid them good cheer, assuring them that the wounds and scars so honourable in themselves, inspire in the hearts of their fellow countrymen the warmest feelings of gratitude and respect.[10]
A special grandstand had been erected for disabled servicemen in their “hospital blue” uniforms, while another was provided for war widows and orphans.[11]
- “Peace Day Parade”. Daily Mirror. London. 17 July 1919. p. 3. “The line of route is:- From Kensington Gardens by way of South Carriage Road (Hyde Park), Albert Gate, Knights- bridge, Sloane-street, Pont-street, Chesham-place, Belgrave-square South, Upper and Lower Belgrave-streets, Buckingham Palace-road, Victoria- street, Vauxhall Bridge-road, Vauxhall Bridge, Upper Kennington-lane, Kennington-road, Lambeth road, Westminster Bridge, Bridge-street, Parliament-street, Whitehall, Charing Cross, Admiralty Arch, The Mall, Constitution Hill, Hyde Park- corner, Apsley Gate, Hyde Park to Kensington Gardens.”
- “This month in history: Peace Day, July 1919”. www.thegazette.co.uk. The London Gazette.
- Finn, Tara (18 July 2019). “A pyrrhic victory? Victory Day, 1919”. history.blog.gov.uk. London: Foreign & Commonwealth Office.
- “Peace and commemoration”. www.nam.ac.uk. National Army Museum.
- “‘Peace Celebrations Indian Troops Marching Down Whitehall’, 1919″. www.nam.ac.uk. National Army Museum.
- “The Indian Army at Hampton Court Palace in 1919”. www.hrp.org.uk. Historic Royal Palaces.
- Fowler, Simon; Weinbren, Daniel (2018). “Chapter 2: A Range of Struggles”. Now the War Is Over: Britain, 1919–1920. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1473885974.
- Cannadine, David (1981). “Chaper VIII: War and Death, Grief and Mourning in Modern Britain”. In Whaley, Joachim (ed.). Mirrors of Mortality: Social Studies in the History of Death. London: Routledge. pp. 219–221. ISBN 978-0415618601.
- Edkins, Jenny (2008). Trauma and the Memory of Politics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 60–62. ISBN 978-0521534208.
- Allinson, Ken (2008). The Architects and Architecture of London. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0750683371.
- Cohen, Deborah (2001). The War Come Home: Disabled Veterans in Britain and Germany, 1914-1939. Berkeley CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520220089.
