User:Calebrooklyn3458/sandbox: Difference between revisions – Wikipedia

Flushing is a religiously diverse community. Houses of worship in Flushing include the Dutch colonial epoch Quaker Meeting House, the historic Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Queens, St. Andrew Avellino Roman Catholic Church, St. George’s Episcopal Church, the [[Free Synagogue of Flushing]], the [[Congregation of Georgian Jews]], St. Mel Roman Catholic Church, St. Michael’s Catholic Church, St. Nicholas [[Greek Orthodox]] Shrine Church, Holy Annunciation Russian Orthodox Church, St. John’s Lutheran Church, Queensboro Hill Community Church, ”'<u>First United Methodist Church in Flushing,</u>”’ Hindu Temple Society of North America, and the Muslim Center of New York. ”'<u>The First United Methodist Church in Flushing is a</u><u>n all-Korean church. Prior to 1988, whites and Koreans who attended the church were in two separate congregations. In 1975, a Korean pastor was appointed and joined the Caucasian congregation. His ministry brought attention to Methodist Korean immigrants.</u>”'<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pae |first=Keun-joo Christine |date=2008 |title=NEGOTIATED OR NEGOTIATING SPACES: Korean Churches in Flushing, Queens of New York City |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/901919262?accountid=7286&pq-origsite=primo&searchKeywords=NEGOTIATED%20OR%20NEGOTIATING%20SPACES%20Korean%20Churches%20in%20Flushing%20%20Queens%20of%20New%20York%20City%20Keun-joo%20Christine%20Pae&sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals |journal=Cross Currents |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=463, |via=ProQuest}}</ref> There are more than 200 houses of worship in Flushing.

Flushing is a religiously diverse community. Houses of worship in Flushing include the Dutch colonial epoch Quaker Meeting House, the historic Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Queens, St. Andrew Avellino Roman Catholic Church, St. George’s Episcopal Church, the [[Free Synagogue of Flushing]], the [[Congregation of Georgian Jews]], St. Mel Roman Catholic Church, St. Michael’s Catholic Church, St. Nicholas [[Greek Orthodox]] Shrine Church, Holy Annunciation Russian Orthodox Church, St. John’s Lutheran Church, Queensboro Hill Community Church, ”'<u>First United Methodist Church in Flushing,</u>”’ Hindu Temple Society of North America, and the Muslim Center of New York. ”'<u>The First United Methodist Church in Flushing is a</u><u>n all-Korean church. Prior to 1988, whites and Koreans who attended the church were in two separate congregations. In 1975, a Korean pastor was appointed and joined the Caucasian congregation. His ministry brought attention to Methodist Korean immigrants.</u>”'<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pae |first=Keun-joo Christine |date=2008 |title=NEGOTIATED OR NEGOTIATING SPACES: Korean Churches in Flushing, Queens of New York City |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/901919262?accountid=7286&pq-origsite=primo&searchKeywords=NEGOTIATED%20OR%20NEGOTIATING%20SPACES%20Korean%20Churches%20in%20Flushing%20%20Queens%20of%20New%20York%20City%20Keun-joo%20Christine%20Pae&sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals |journal=Cross Currents |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=463, |via=ProQuest}}</ref> There are more than 200 houses of worship in Flushing.

From the “Early 20th century development” subsection: “The continued construction of bridges over the Flushing River and the development of other roads increased the volume of vehicular traffic into Flushing. In 1909, the Queensboro Bridge over the East River opened, connecting Queens County to midtown Manhattan.[25] With the opening of Pennsylvania Station the next year, the Port Washington Branch, now part of the Long Island Rail Road, started running to midtown Manhattan.[26] Broadway, a main roadway through Flushing, was widened and renamed Northern Boulevard.[27] The Roosevelt Avenue Bridge over the Flushing River, which carries four lanes of traffic and the New York City Subway’s elevated Flushing Line (7 and <7>​ trains), was the largest trunnion bascule bridge in the world when it was completed in 1927.[28][29] The next year, the Main Street terminal of the Flushing subway line opened in downtown Flushing, giving the neighborhood direct subway access.[30] ”'<u>Flushing saw a rise in the construction of single-family residential houses around its shopping districts, like Main Street, as a result of the expansion of Queens.</u>”'<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kang |first=Jay Caspian |title=The loneliest Americans |date=2021 |publisher=Crown |isbn=978-0-525-57624-2 |edition=First edition |location=New York}}</ref>

continued construction of bridges over the Flushing River and the development of other roads increased the volume of vehicular traffic into Flushing. In 1909, the Queensboro Bridge over the East River opened, connecting Queens County to midtown Manhattan.[25] With the opening of Pennsylvania Station the next year, the Port Washington Branch, now part of the Long Island Rail Road, started running to midtown Manhattan.[26] Broadway, a main roadway through Flushing, was widened and renamed Northern Boulevard.[27] The Roosevelt Avenue Bridge over the Flushing River, which carries four lanes of traffic and the New York City Subway’s elevated Flushing Line (7 and <7>​ trains), was the largest trunnion bascule bridge in the world when it was completed in 1927.[28][29] The next year, the Main Street terminal of the Flushing subway line opened in downtown Flushing, giving the neighborhood direct subway access.[30] ”'<u>Flushing saw a rise in the construction of single-family residential houses around its shopping districts, like Main Street, as a result of the expansion of Queens.</u>”'<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kang|first=Jay Caspian|title=The loneliest Americans|date=2021|publisher=Crown|isbn=978-0-525-57624-2|edition=First|location=New York}}</ref>

Free Synagogue of Flushing, located at 41–60 Kissena Boulevard, near Sanford Avenue

Pure Presbyterian Church, located at 142–08 32nd Avenue, near Union Street

Flushing is a religiously diverse community. Houses of worship in Flushing include the Dutch colonial epoch Quaker Meeting House, the historic Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Queens, St. Andrew Avellino Roman Catholic Church, St. George’s Episcopal Church, the Free Synagogue of Flushing, the Congregation of Georgian Jews, St. Mel Roman Catholic Church, St. Michael’s Catholic Church, St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Shrine Church, Holy Annunciation Russian Orthodox Church, St. John’s Lutheran Church, Queensboro Hill Community Church, First United Methodist Church in Flushing, Hindu Temple Society of North America, and the Muslim Center of New York. The First United Methodist Church in Flushing is an all-Korean church. Prior to 1988, whites and Koreans who attended the church were in two separate congregations. In 1975, a Korean pastor was appointed and joined the Caucasian congregation. His ministry brought attention to Methodist Korean immigrants.^[1] There are more than 200 houses of worship in Flushing.

The continued construction of bridges over the Flushing River and the development of other roads increased the volume of vehicular traffic into Flushing. In 1909, the Queensboro Bridge over the East River opened, connecting Queens County to midtown Manhattan.[25] With the opening of Pennsylvania Station the next year, the Port Washington Branch, now part of the Long Island Rail Road, started running to midtown Manhattan.[26] Broadway, a main roadway through Flushing, was widened and renamed Northern Boulevard.[27] The Roosevelt Avenue Bridge over the Flushing River, which carries four lanes of traffic and the New York City Subway’s elevated Flushing Line (7 and <7>​ trains), was the largest trunnion bascule bridge in the world when it was completed in 1927.[28][29] The next year, the Main Street terminal of the Flushing subway line opened in downtown Flushing, giving the neighborhood direct subway access.[30] Flushing saw a rise in the construction of single-family residential houses around its shopping districts, like Main Street, as a result of the expansion of Queens.^[2]

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During the economic recession of the 1980s, The declining auto sale performance of Detroit, which was the center of the automotive industry in the United States, provoked resentment towards Japanese- imported cars.” Japan bashing” became popular with politicians, such as U.S. representative from Michigan John Dingell, who blamed “little yellow men” for domestic automakers’ misfortune. Some upset Detroiters went as far as shooting at Japanese- made cars passing by, and some individuals damaged Honda cars with hammers at the 1992 North American International Show in Detroit. “Buy American” campaigns quickly turned into violent types of anti-Asian racism. ^[3]

Ronald Ebens

Michael Nitz

On June 19, 1982, Chin was having a bachelor party at the Fancy Pants Club in Highland Park to celebrate his upcoming wedding with three of his friends: Jimmy Choi, Gary Koivu, and Robert Siroskey.^[4] Seated across the stage from them were two white men, Chrysler plant supervisor Ronald Ebens and his stepson, laid-off autoworker Michael Nitz.^[5] According to an interview by American documentary filmmaker Michael Moore for the Detroit Free Press, after Chin gave a white stripper a generous gratuity, Ebens shouted, “Hey, you little motherfuckers!” and told an African-American dancer, “Don’t pay any attention to those little fuckers, they wouldn’t know a good dancer if they’d seen one.”^[4] Racine Colwell, a dancer at the bar, later testified that Ebens said, “It’s because of you little motherfuckers that we’re out of work.”^[6][7][8] This statement later provided the evidence for civil rights litigation against Ebens.^[9] He later claimed the argument was not about Chin’s race but the Black dancer’s gratuity.^[4] Another witness said he heard the anti-Chinese racial slur “Chink” being used towards Chin, while another man said Ebens told him “I’ll give you $20 if you help us catch the Chinaman.”^[10] Chin was a target because of what he looked like, an Asian- yellow skin, black hair, and almond eyes. His killing was based solely on features of himself he couldn’t control. He was adopted during the very early years of his life and had no connection to Japanese descent. His killing confirms the stereotyping that he was faced with- “you all look alike.” ^[11]

Chin was interred in Detroit’s Forest Lawn Cemetery.^[12]

In September 1987, Chin’s mother, Lily, moved back to her hometown of Guangzhou, China, reportedly to avoid being reminded of her son’s death.^{[citation needed]} She returned to the United States for medical treatment in late 2001 and died on June 9, 2002. Prior to her death, Lily Chin established a scholarship in Vincent’s memory, to be administered by the ACJ.^[13] In 2010, the city of Ferndale, Michigan, erected a milestone marker at the intersection of Woodward Avenue and 9 Mile Road in memorial of the killing of Chin.^[14]

Chin’s case has been cited by some Asian Americans in support of the idea that they are considered “perpetual foreigners” in contrast to “real” Americans who are considered full citizens.^[15][16][17] Lily Chin stated: “My son is beaten like an animal and, and the killer is not in jail. If this happened in China, [Ebens and Nitz] would be put in [an] electric chair. This is freedom and democracy? Why isn’t everybody equal?” and “What kind of law is this? What kind of justice? This happened because my son is Chinese. If two Chinese killed a white person, they must go to jail, maybe for their whole lives […] Something is wrong with this country.”^[19]

Lily not only lost her son, but the love and respect she had for America as the “promised land.” A newspaper explains her thoughts: “She never imagined that the promise and hope of her adopted country could be shattered in a Woodward Avenue Street fight, then in the marble and oak-paneled court room of Judge Kaufman”^[3]

The attack was considered a hate crime by many,^[21] but it predated the passage of hate crime laws in the United States. Sociologist Meghan A. Burke writes that Chin’s killing prompted the creation of activist coalitions and a shared sense of pan-Asian identity for the first time in U.S. history.^[21] The case has since been viewed as a turning point for Asian American civil rights engagement and a rallying cry for stronger federal hate crime legislation.^[22]