User:Dsbethune/sandbox: Difference between revisions – Wikipedia

 

Line 20: Line 20:

==Early Life and Education==

==Early Life and Education==

Bethune was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His parents were Anne Norton Hattoon (October 21, 1925 – January 3, 2011) and Donald Stimson Bethune, M.D., an OB-GYN (August 31, 2018 – May 5, 1963) who graduated in 1948 from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia. In 1952 the family, now including second son Thomas, moved to Larchmont, NY, where his father began his medical practice, and where his sisters Jennifer and Nancy were born. In 1960 the family moved to Tucson, AZ, where he graduated from Palo Verde High School in 1966. He received his B.S. in Physics from [[Stanford University]] in 1970. He then earned his Ph.D. in Physics from the [[University of California, Berkeley]] in 1977, supported in part by a [[National Defense Education Act]] graduate fellowship. He did experimental work in nonlinear optics in the group of [[Yuen-Ron Shen]], building and using dye lasers to carry out nonlinear optical experiments on semiconductor crystals and atomic vapors. His dissertation was titled “Optical Quadrupole Sum-Frequency Generation in Sodium Vapor.”

Bethune was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His parents were Anne Norton Hattoon (October 21, 1925 – January 3, 2011) and Donald Stimson Bethune, M.D., an OB-GYN (August 31, 2018 – May 5, 1963) who graduated in 1948 from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia. In 1952 the family, now including second son Thomas, moved to Larchmont, NY, where his father began his medical practice and where his sisters Jennifer and Nancy were born. In 1960 the family moved to Tucson, AZ, where he graduated from Palo Verde High School in 1966. He received his B.S. in Physics from [[Stanford University]] in 1970. He then earned his Ph.D. in Physics from the [[University of California, Berkeley]] in 1977, supported in part by a [[National Defense Education Act]] graduate fellowship. He did experimental work in nonlinear optics in the group of [[Yuen-Ron Shen]], building and using dye lasers to carry out nonlinear optical experiments on semiconductor crystals and atomic vapors. His dissertation was titled “Optical Quadrupole Sum-Frequency Generation in Sodium Vapor.”

==Professional record==

==Professional record==

Finished writing a draft article? Are you ready to request review of it by an experienced editor for possible inclusion in Wikipedia? Submit your draft for review!

American physicist (born 1948)

Donald Stimson Bethune
Bethune in 2024
Born	(1948-07-02) 2 July 1948 (age 77)
Alma mater	Stanford University (B.S.) University of California Berkeley (Ph.D.)
Known for	Experimental work on Nonlinear optics, Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, Quantum Cryptography
Awards	See below
Scientific career
Fields	Nonlinear Optics, Carbon Materials, Quantum Information
Institutions

Donald Stimson Bethune (July 2, 1948 – ) is an American physicist, inventor, and former Research Staff Member in the IBM Research Division. He is known for his work in nonlinear optics, Li-air battery research, and quantum cryptography, and is a key figure in the field of carbon materials, most notably for early work on fullerenes and metallofullerenes and the independent co-discovery of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and a catalytic method using transition metals for their production^[1][2]. He retired from IBM Research in December 2022 after a 45-year career.

Bethune was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His parents were Anne Norton Hattoon (October 21, 1925 – January 3, 2011) and Donald Stimson Bethune, M.D., an OB-GYN (August 31, 2018 – May 5, 1963) who graduated in 1948 from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia. In 1952 the family, now including second son Thomas, moved to Larchmont, NY, where his father began his medical practice and where his sisters Jennifer and Nancy were born. In 1960 the family moved to Tucson, AZ, where he graduated from Palo Verde High School in 1966. He received his B.S. in Physics from Stanford University in 1970. He then earned his Ph.D. in Physics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1977, supported in part by a National Defense Education Act graduate fellowship. He did experimental work in nonlinear optics in the group of Yuen-Ron Shen, building and using dye lasers to carry out nonlinear optical experiments on semiconductor crystals and atomic vapors. His dissertation was titled “Optical Quadrupole Sum-Frequency Generation in Sodium Vapor.”

Bethune began his professional career in 1977 at IBM Research at IBM’s Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York, as a postdoc working with Peter P. Sorokin on laser spectroscopy and nonlinear optical effects in alkali metal vapors. Several notable innovations came out of that work:

• He is credited with the invention of the Bethune dye cell,^[3] a device used to generate high-quality beams in dye laser systems for which he received his first patent.^[4]
• He was a co-inventor of Time-Resolved Infrared Spectral Photography (TRISP), which used stimulated Raman scattering and nonlinear optical mixing to generate a short-duration broadband infrared beam from a pulsed broadband visible laser beam, passed the infrared through a sample gas, and used the inverse process to shift the infrared beam, now carrying the infrared absorption spectrum of the sample, back into the visible where it could be recorded using visible light sensors or photographic plates.^[5][6]

In 1983, he transferred to the IBM San Jose Research Laboratory, which moved to a new building – the IBM Almaden Research Center in 1986. where his research expanded into novel carbon materials. He retired from IBM in December 2022.

Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes
Bethune’s most impactful work is in carbon allotropes:

He and his colleagues recorded the first Raman spectra of C60 and C70 fullerenes $\text{\textsuperscript{[5]}}$, which was crucial for confirming the structures.

In 1993, his IBM team made the landmark discovery that transition metals, such as cobalt, can catalyze the formation of single-wall carbon nanotubes $\text{\textsuperscript{[6]}}$.  

This led to US Patent 5,424,054, titled “Carbon fibers and method for their production,” granted to IBM $\text{\textsuperscript{[7]}}$.

Later Work
His later research included:

• Co-inventing an autocompensating fiberoptic quantum cryptography system $\text{\textsuperscript{[8]}}$.  

• Inventing a novel method for detecting single photons at telecom wavelengths $\text{\textsuperscript{[9]}}$.  

• His highly cited work on Li-Air battery chemistry $\text{\textsuperscript{[10]}}$.

💡 Key Research and Discoveries
• IBM Almaden Research Center: Starting in 1983 in San Jose (later the IBM Almaden Research Center), his research focused on:
o Nonlinear optics
o Gas-surface interaction
o Novel carbon materials such as fullerenes, metallofullerenes, and single-wall carbon nanotubes.
• Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes: In 1993, he discovered a catalyst (transition metals like Cobalt) for their synthesis.
🔬 Later Work
• His later work included quantum information theory.
• With William P. Risk, he developed a fiber-optic quantum cryptography system and a new method for detecting individual photons.
• He also contributed to lasers and optics for a lithography system for structures under 30 nanometers.
• He researched lithium-air batteries, RAM systems, and materials for new semiconductor memory.

• James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials (2002): Awarded jointly to to Bethune and Iijima by the American Physical Society (APS), “For the discovery and development of single-wall carbon nanotubes, which can behave like metals or semiconductors, can conduct electricity better than copper, can transmit heat better than diamond, and rank among the strongest materials known”.

• Fellow of the American Physical Society, 2001 recipient, Division of Atomic, Molecular & Optical Physics Fellowship, “For contributing to our understanding of fullerenes, including spectroscopy that confirmed the fullerene structure of carbon clusters, and for synthesizing metallofullerenes and single wall carbon nanotubes.”
• The Carbon Medal (2004): Awarded by the American Carbon Society to Bethune, Iijima, and Endo “For outstanding contributions to the discovery of, and early synthesis work on carbon nanotubes”. Bethune and Endo were panelists in the 2016 American Carbon Society Meeting Carbon Medal Ceremony, with presentations and discussion about the future of carbon.^[7]

Bethune is married to Ann Rendall Bethune. They have five children—three sons and two daughters—whose professions include three teachers, a molecular biology researcher, and an Occupational Therapist.

[1] American Carbon Society. (2004). The Carbon Medal – For Achievement in Carbon Science and Technology Recipient. https://www.americancarbonsociety.org/home/awards/
[2] Bethune, D. S. (1981). Dye cell design for high-power low-divergence excimer-pumped dye lasers. Applied Optics 20(11), 1897–1899.
[3] Bethune, D. S., Lankard, J. R., & Sorokin, P. P. (1979). Time-resolved infrared spectral photography. Optics Letters 4(3), 103–105.
[4] Bethune, D. S. (1983). Apparatus for four side transverse irradiation of a region. U.S. Patent 4,380,076. [5] Bethune, D. S. et al. (1991). Vibrational Raman and infrared spectra of chromatographically separated C60 and C70 fullerenes. Chemical Physics Letters 179(1-2), 181–186.
[6] Bethune, D. S. et al. (1993). Cobalt-catalysed growth of carbon nanotubes with single-atomic-layer walls. Nature 363, 605–607.
[7] U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. (1995). Carbon fibers and method for their production. U.S. Patent 5,424,054. (Granted to IBM)
[8] Bethune, D. S. & Risk, W. P. (2000). An autocompensating fiber-optic quantum cryptography system based on polarization splitting of light. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 36(3), 340–347.
[9] Bethune, D. S., Risk, W. P., & Pabst, G. W. (2004). A high-performance integrated single-photon detector for telecom wavelengths. Journal of Modern Optics 51(9-10), 1359–1368.
[10] Bethune, D. S., Shelby, R. M., & Luntz, A. C. (2011). Direct evidence for LiO2 on discharge of the aprotic Li-O2 battery. Journal of the American Chemical Society 133(45), 18038–18041.
[11] American Physical Society (APS). (2002). James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials Recipient. https://www.aps.org/funding-recognition/prize/james-mcgroddy