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<li>{{cite book |title=”””Avant-Propos“” |trans-title=”””Forward”” |pages=2–3}}</li>

<li>{{cite book |title=”””Avant-“” |trans-title=”””Forward”” |pages=2–3}}</li>

<li>{{cite book |title=”””[[Baelen]]”” |pages=3–4}}</li>

<li>{{cite book |title=”””[[Baelen]]”” |pages=3–4}}</li>

<li>{{cite book |title=”””[[Fort de Barchon|Barchon]]”” |pages=4–6}}</li>

<li>{{cite book |title=”””[[Fort de Barchon|Barchon]]”” |pages=4–6}}</li>

Revision as of 05:06, 6 February 2026

Rape of Belgium

Rape of Belgium
Part of World War I

L’exécution des notables de Blégny [The Execution of the Notables of Blégny] (1914), painting by Évariste Carpentier (1845–1922), depicting German soldiers executing Belgian civilians at Blégny during the early months of the German occupation of Belgium.
Date August 1914 – 1918
Location

Belgium
Result German occupation of Belgium
Belligerents
German Empire German Empire Belgian civilians
Casualties and losses
—
  • Over 6,000 civilians murdered
  • Tens of thousands deported or imprisoned
Series of war crimes committed by German forces against the civilian population during the invasion and occupation of Belgium.
  • Oil on Canvas, 160 by 220 cm (63 by 87 in), titled L’exécution des notables de Blégny, 1914 [The Execution of the Notables of Blégny, 1914] by Évariste Carpentier (1845–1922). Source: Collection de l’Administration Communale de Blégny (ancienne carte postale) (c. 1918)

Monument in Sainte-Gertrude Square, Blégny

Civils Fusillés du 4 au 15 août 1914 [civilians executed between 4 and 15 August 1914]:

P. Arnolis (Pierre)
J. Custers (Joseph)
L. Delnooz (Lambert)
F. Dengis (François)
François Dumonceau
J. Dorthu (Joseph)
J. Flamand (Joseph)
Mme Th. Rensonnet
Pierre Godart
A. Hendrick (Alphonse)
J. Herman (Jules)
N. Nihant (Noël)
G. Renard (Gérard)
Henri Joseph Rensonnet (1891–1914), gunsmith, husband of Marie Froidmont (executed August 14 or 15)
J. Smets (Joseph)
H. Bourdouxhe (Hubert)

Bibliography

Notes

References

    1. “Avant-propos” [“Forward”]. pp. 2–3.
    2. “Baelen“. pp. 3–4.
    3. “Barchon“. pp. 4–6.
    4. “Berneau [fr; nl; ca; it; li; lb; pl]“. pp. 6–7.
    5. “Blegny–Trembleur [fr; ca; li; nl; pl]“. pp. 7–10.
    6. “Herve“. p. 10.
    7. “Louveigné“. pp. 10–12.
    8. “Magnée [fr; lb; nl; pl]“. pp. 12–13.
    9. “Melen [fr; lb; nl; pl; wa]“. p. 13.
    10. “Olne“. pp. 13–15.
    11. “Soumagne“. pp. 15–17.
    12. “Retinne“. p. 17.

      13. Pamphlet N° 2 begins at p. 18

    13. “Retinne” (continued). p. 18.
    14. “Sprimont“. pp. 18–19.
    15. “Visé“. pp. 19–22.
    16. “Wandre“. pp. 22–26.
    17. “Warsage [fr; ca; it; nl; pl; li; lb; wa]“. pp. 26–27.
    18. “Haccourt“. pp. 27–28.
    19. “Hermée [fr; nl; pl]“. p. 28.
    20. “Heure-le-Romain [fr; nl; pl; wa]“. pp. 28–29.
    21. “Liège“. pp. 29–32.
    22. “Ils ont agi par ordre” [“They Acted on Orders”]. p. 32.
    1. Pdf via Wikimedia Commons (PDF). Free access icon
    2. Via HathiTrust (4 copies). Free access icon
    3. Via Internet Archive (UC San Diego). Free access icon
    1. Special issue: “La Belgique héroïque et martyre” [“Belgium Hero and Martyr”]. 1915.
      1. Via Project Gutenberg (in French). Free access icon OCLC 24179299 (all editions).
      2. Via Internet Archive (UCLA). (in English). OCLC 648561420 (all editions), OCLC 78776327 (all editions).
    1. Chapter 9: “War” – “Belgium, 1914–1918”. pp. 517–544 – via Internet Archive (Kahle/Austin Foundation; Bexley Public Library).
    1. “German ‘Kultur’ Panel in a Pitt Street Building”. July 3, 1915.
      1. Via Warmemscot. Archived from the original on May 1, 2010. Free access icon
  • Haygood, Lisa (9 May 2016). “The Lilies of Belgium: The Critical Role of National Resistance at the Start of the Great War”. Kai Evers, PhD, academic advisor. Thesis in Partial Completion of the Certification Requirements for the Honors Program of the School of Humanities: UC Irvine.
    1. In Part 2: “L’Exécution des Notables de Blégny” (PDF). pp. 69–. Free access icon
  • Bertrand, J. (1921) [1919]. “Le martyre de la Province de Liège en 1914” dans La Belgique héroïque et martyre [“The Martyrdom of the Province of Liège in 1914” in Heroic and Martyred Belgium] (in French). Borgerhout, Antwerp: Imprimerie nationale L. Opdebeek [National Printing House, L. Opdebeek] → Lode Opdebeek (1869–1930). p. 7. OCLC 1400716792 (all editions).
    1. Via 2013 reprint (in French). Published by Eglise romane de Tohogne [Romanesque Church of Tohogne].
(publication hebdomadaire «La Belgique héroïque et martyre»).
Brochure published online in January 2013 by and on the website eglise-romane-tohogne.be
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
In anticipation of the commemoration of the Centenary of the 1914-1918 War, Belgian groups and associations interested in the dissemination of this brochure may obtain permission to reproduce it free of charge by contacting the aforementioned website. The texts and sketches that make up this brochure were extracted from two booklets (16 pages each) published in 1921 by the National Printing House L. Opdebeek, publisher in Borgerhout/Antwerp and entitled “THE MARTYRDOM OF THE PROVINCE OF LIÈGE” by J. BERTRAND (weekly publication “Heroic and Martyred Belgium”). On the cover: German soldiers in Baelen. The brutes rushed at the two young girls, Jeanne-Marie and Anne-Marie Yvens. Dragging them by the hair, they forcibly assaulted these unfortunate girls.
  • Blegny Initiatives (in French). Blégny, Belgium: ASBL Blegny-Initiatives.
    1. Ryavec, Jeannot (September 21, 2004). “Commémoration de la première guerre mondiale, 90 ans après” [“Commemoration of the First World War, 90 Years Later”] (PDF) (33rd year of publication, N° 348). p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 30, 2026. Free access icon
    2. “Commémoration du 11 novembre” [“Commemoration of November 11th”] (PDF) (34rd year of publication, N° 361). November 22, 2005. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 2, 2024. Free access icon
    1. Via HathiTrust (UCLA).
    1. Chapter 3: “Around Barchon” – “The Atrocities Committed at Blégny”. pp. 157–168.
      1. Via Internet Archive (Cornell). Free access icon
      2. Via Google Books (Harvard). Free access icon

Further reading

    1. Vol 1 (1952): European Relations From the Congress of Berlin to the Eve of the Sarajevo Murder. ISBN 0-3132-2402-1.
    2. Vol 2 (1953): The Crisis of July 1914. From the Sarajevo Outrage to the Austro-Hungarian General Mobilization. ISBN 0-3132-2403-X.
      1. Via Internet Archive. Free access icon
    3. Vol 3 (1957): The Epilogue of the Crisis of July 1914. The Declarations of War and of Neutrality. ISBN 978-0-3132-2404-1, 0-3132-2404-8.
  • Bertrand, J. (1921) [1919]. “Le martyre de la Province de Liège en 1914” dans La Belgique héroïque et martyre [“The Martyrdom of the Province of Liège in 1914” in Heroic and Martyred Belgium] (in French). Borgerhout, Antwerp: Imprimerie nationale L. Opdebeek [National Printing House, L. Opdebeek] → Lode Opdebeek (1869–1930). p. 7. OCLC 1400716792 (all editions).
    1. Via 2013 reprint (in French). Published by Eglise romane de Tohogne [Romanesque Church of Tohogne].
    1. Via Internet Archive. Free access icon
    2. Via Internet Archive (Trent University).
    1. Via HathiTrust (Wisconsin). Retrieved 14 February 2017. Free access icon
    2. Via Internet Archive (Wisconsin). Retrieved 14 February 2017. Free access icon
  • Green, Leanne (2014). “Advertising war: Picturing Belgium in First World War publicity”. Media, War & Conflict. 7 (3): 309–325. doi:10.1177/1750635214557534. S2CID 144471627.
  • Gullace, Nicoletta F. (September 12, 2011). “Allied Propaganda and World War I: Interwar Legacies, Media Studies, and the Politics of War Guilt”. History Compass. Vol. 9 #9. pp. 686–700. ISSN 1478-0542; doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00798.x; OCLC 5151220678.
  • Haygood, Lisa (9 May 2016). “The Lilies of Belgium: The Critical Role of National Resistance at the Start of the Great War”. Kai Evers, PhD, academic advisor. Thesis in Partial Completion of the Certification Requirements for the Honors Program of the School of Humanities: UC Irvine.
    1. In Part 2: “L’Exécution des Notables de Blégny” (PDF). pp. 69–. Free access icon
    1. Via Internet Archive (Boston Public Library).
    2. Via Google Books (limited preview).
    1. Wegner, Larissa (October 8, 2014). “Occupation During the War (Belgium and France)”. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Free access icon
    2. Debruyne, Emmanuel (June 8, 2016). “Intimate Relations Between Occupiers and Occupied (Belgium and France)”. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Free access icon
    3. Kramer, Alan Richard [in German] (January 24, 2017). “Atrocities”. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Free access icon
  • Scheipers, Sibylle (2015). Unlawful Combatants: A Genealogy of the Irregular Fighter. Oxford University Press.
  • Spraul, Gunter: Der Franktireurkrieg 1914. Untersuchungen zum Verfall einer Wissenschaft und zum Umgang mit nationalen Mythen. Frank & Timme 2016, ISBN 978-3-7329-0242-2.
  • Wilson, Trevor (1979). “Lord Bryce’s Investigation into Alleged German Atrocities in Belgium, 1914–1915”. Journal of Contemporary History. 14#3 (3): 369–383. doi:10.1177/002200947901400301. ISSN 0022-0094. JSTOR 260012. S2CID 159629719. sees the Bryce report as exaggerated propaganda

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