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‘Hugh Gibson’s account of the Rape of Belgium, published daily in 36 installments in the New York Tribune from November 4, 1917, through December ?, 1917.

Early use of the phrase, “Rape of Belgium”

Richard Henry Gatling, in a letter to the editor of the

New York Tribune; Gatling, Richard Henry (1870–1941), New York, September 13, 1915 (September 21, 1915). “The Habit of Sidestepping – Wilson’s Policies Are Destroying the Nation’s Strength”. Vol. 75, whole no. 25146. p. 6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Via Fultonhistory.com (PDF).

New York Tribune illustrators during World War I

“New Devices Seemed Impractical at First”

1917: World War I Soldier

New York Tribune, Chicago Race Riot of 1919

Editorial illustrations of Ding Darling

See Category:Clive Weed

Bibliography

Notes

References

Advertisement: “Rape of Belgium”. Vol. 77, whole no. 25922. November 5, 1917. p. 14.

Via Newspapers.com. Retrieved February 6, 2025.
Via Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2025.
A large illustrated display advertisement, above the fold, occupying the upper-right quadrant of page 14, spanning approximately one-third of the page height and extending across multiple columns. When view a full broadsheet, open (showing pp. 14–15), the right margin of the ad abuts the centerfold (the vertical center, or gutter). The advertisement is promoting the book Gibson, Hugh Simons (1883–1954). The Rape of Belgium.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Rape of Belgium

Gibson, Hugh Simons (1883–1954). “The Rape of Belgium – A Journal of the American Legation at Belgium – The Diary of Hugh Gibson, Witness”. Copyright 1917 Doubleday, Page & Company by Otis Fenner Wood (1868–1939), whose father, Fernando Wood (1812–1881), was, twice, Mayor of New York City – from 1855–1857 and 1860–1861.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) These instalments are accessible via Newspapers.com (subscription required)

“The secretary of the American Legation in Belgium, seeing everything, kept a personal diary of Germany’s immortal sin. The seal of neutrality is broken, and here is one of the great documents of the war.”
Gibson served as Secretary of the U.S. Legation in Brussels from 1914 to 1916. The United States elevated its mission in Brussels to an Embassy in 1919.

––––––––––––––––––––

November 4, 1917. Brussels, Jul. 4 and Saturday Aug. 2, 1914. “You have first the sensation of a curtain’s rising on a dreadful play. The scene is Brussels, a place where nothing ever happens. A diplomatic secretary is congratulating himself on having drawn a soft assignment”. Vol. 77, whole no. 25921. pp. 1 & 14–15.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

“Then, as he says, the roof of Europe ‘falls in’ with a crash so loud that everything for a little while seems stiller than before. Events begin to move. There are absurd, fantastic rumors. The war correspondents marvellously arrive almost at once, Richard Harding Davis in a dress suit.”

“There is humor, too. An American woman wants the stupid war stopped on account of having had her motor seized. Then Belgium’s heart stops beating and her blood runs cold. The Germans will invade her! There is an amazing picture of the German diplomats, after having delivered the sentence, smoking cigarettes furiously, like mechanical toys. Shortly afterward is a wonderful picture of the young Belgian King tossing his cap down on the ledge of the throne, throwing his white gloves into it and facing the Chamber of Deputies to inspire his people with the spirit of tragic defiance.”
November 5, 1917. Brussels, Aug. 5, 1914 (continued). “In this instalment you see the thousands of German refugees conducted swiftly through the streets of the sleeping city and hurried into trains and across the border, without a single ‘incident’ and with the utmost kindness from their guards. You see the first wounded arrive from the front, and the women almost fight for the privilege of caring for either friend or foe” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25922. p. 7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

To-morrow’s instalment shows Germany making one more amazing attempt to buy her way through Belgium and the diplomatic manœuvres of the American officials to make sure of Belgium’s attitude without involving themselves in a discreditable transaction. Weird rumors of German spies spread, and Burgomaster Max is pursued by an amateur spy catcher.

November 6, 1917. Brussels, Aug. 8, 1914. “In this instalment you read of Germany’s amazing attempt again to buy a way through Belgium. American officials, careful to avoid being compromised, nevertheless find out Belgium’s attitude and do not present the offer. Other agents are found to do so, and Belgium sticks to her colors. Wild rumors fly thick and Burgomaster Max is pursued by an amateur spy catcher” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25923. p. 7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
November 7, 1917. Brussels, Aug. 10, 1914. “Fourth Instalment — The German civilians are still in Belgium, panicky and clamorous making the halls of the American Legation sound like a ‘Kaiserhsgehurtstag’ [sic → Cᴏʀʀᴇᴄᴛ Gᴇʀᴍᴀɴ: Kaisersgeburtstag] celebration, and a colored American froyn Baltimore finds that he has urgent business near the Statue of Liberty. The tragedy has not begun” (PDF) (see Kaisersgeburtstag [de]). Vol. 77, whole no. 25924. p. 9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
November 8, 1917. Brussels, Aug. 11, 1914. “Fifth Instalment — The Germans are thirty-eight miles from Brussels, and the highway by which some fear they may ‘rush’ the Belgian capital is blocked with a zigzag of overturned tramcars, but nothing even yet seems real A German airplane is pursued by a Belgian, and people treat it as a fancy aviation stunt. Belgian maids bearing trays of beer meet the first French soldiers” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25925. p. 9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
November 9, 1917. Brussels, Aug. 13, 1914. “Sixth Instalment — Here is recorded the disbelief with which the first reports of German frightfulness were recorded in Belgium. There are touching glimpses of the personal strain and anxiety of actors in the great drama. Richard Harding Davis appears in a dinner jacket to report the war, and other American correspondents seem to materialize out of nowhere” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25926. p. 9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
November 10, 1917. Brussels, Aug. 18, 1914. “Seventh Instalment – The writer, with Frederick Palmer and Blount, goes motoring out of Brussels to make sure that the war is real. The country is all a-flutter, peasants are ready to flee and crops are abandoned, but nothing has really happened. They come to Louvain, where Mr. Gibson assures the rector of the American Theological Seminary that the Germans will not make war on seminaries and priests. So everybody believed” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25927. p. 9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
November 11, 1917. Brussels, Aug. 18, 1914 (continued). “To-day Mr. Gibson takes you through a field covered with the wreckage of a German defeat, where shallow graves do not wholly hold the dead. He shows peasant homes crumbled by shells, and their owners aroused to fight to the death. You return to Brussels to find the plans for the defence of the city abandoned. The next day brings the endless, amazingly efficient, marvellously prepared stream of German soldiers, flowing through silent, sullen streets. The you see an opera-bouffe general sitting amid ridiculous confusion and misgoverning the city by a series of splenetic eruptions. His attempt to alter American official dispatches is laughable as well as irritating”. Vol. 77, whole no. 25928. pp. 1 & 10.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
November 12, 1917. Brussels, Aug. 22, 1914. To-day’s Instalment: “A farcical interlude” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25929. p. 7 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

“Scene l: The American Legation, 7 a.m. — The German Governor apologizes profusely to Brand Whitlock (in pajamas and bathrobe) for stopping his despatch and makes unlimited promises”.
“Scene 2: A noisome alley behind the post office, 10 a.m. — Mr. Gibson, the American Minister and the Spanish Minister fight a losing battle with the German language and a Prussian officer”.
“Scene 3: The Governor General’s Palace, near noon — The Governor maintains a successful defensive. Finally, the Spanish grandee’s tongue and temper win – more promises. The dispatches are not yet sent”.

November 13, 1917. Brussels, Aug. 22, 1914. “McCutcheon, Irwin and Cobb, war correspondents, have been in Lourain. That was before the sack of the town. From the window of their hotel there was a close up, unexpected, 4 a.m. view of a frightful court-martial proceeding. German officers sat at a little table on the sidewalk. Every little while soldiers would bring up a frighten Belgian. Even before the trial was over the firing squad would be set in motion. It would go one way and the victim another, around the railroad station. There would be a volley, perhaps a scream, and then, a few minutes later, the glimpse of a stretcher, bearing a body with a cloth over the face. This is one of the ghastliest pictures out of Belgium” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25930. p. 9 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
November 14, 1917. Brussels, Aug. 27, 1914. “There is humor in everything. Here in the horizontal giant of war correspondents, Cobb, deprived of a motor, riding into the war on top of a donkey cart. Here at the same time is the secretary of the American Legation making a perilous journey through the fighting lines from Brussels to Antwerp, in order to communicate with Washington ‘via Berlin‘“ (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25931. p. 9 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
November 15, 1917. Brussels, Aug. 27, 1914 (continued). “The writer and his party reach Antwerp with official dispatches for Washington, which the Germans in possession of Brussels would not permit to be sent ken there, except ‘via Berlin.’ Antwerp is crazy for news of the lost capital and overwhelms the risitors [sic → Cᴏʀʀᴇᴄᴛ: resisters]” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25932. p. 9 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
November 16, 1917. Brussels, Aug. 27, 1914 (continued). “In Antwerp — A heart-gripping conference, in which Mr. Gibson is able to reassure the Cabinet Council as to Conditions in Brussels — as yet; a night disturbed by a Zeppelin raid, in which a bomb falls in the room which Gibson and the council had just left, and a day spent in spreading news of people in the capital” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25933. p. 7 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
November 17, 1917. Brussels, Aug. 27, 1914 (continued). “To-day we see the results of ‘schreicklicheit‘ [sic → Cᴏʀʀᴇᴄᴛ Gᴇʀᴍᴀɴ: schrecklichkeit] and a people steeled by it to resist to the uttermost. We go from a room where a sleeping policeman and his wife had been blown to atoms, to one where the Prime Minister, with every child in the army, declares that he will never admit the possibility of yielding to Germany. We see a committee judicially investigating German atrocities. And so through burned villages back to Brussels” (PDF) (schrecklichkeit = “terribleness,” or “dreadfulness”). Vol. 77, whole no. 25934. p. 7 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
November 18, 1917. Brussels, Aug. 27, 1914 (continued). “Slaughter of 600 or more men at Tamines; relatives driven by bayonets to bury them; At least one interred alive by explicit order. Drink orgy at Louvain: Reeling soldiers loot, burn, shoot while officers methodically direct the destruction. Thousands, in panic flight. Drunken sentries loll in arm chairs in corpse strewn streets, shrouded in smoke and flame. Despairing Belgians shoot back and German officers boast that generations to come will marvel at their work”. Vol. 77, whole no. 25935. pp. 1 & 12.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
November 19, 1917. Brussels, Aug. 31, 1914. “Frightfulness in detail. German methods on a smaller stage than at Louvain, but not less ghastly. A wounded soldier burned in his bed when they shell and then]request to make of us, but wanted set fire to a Red Cross hospital. Civilians shot down because an officer mistook a railway torpedo for a sniper’s rifle. Men seized and sent to Germany to harvest crops. All this with the war not a month old and the Germans everywhere victorious” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25936. p. 7 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
November 20, 1917. Brussels, Sept. 2, 1914. “A new and amazing figure enters the scene. Von der Goltz, a doddering figurehead, spouting proclamations. A formal call at the American Legation is ineffably dull, except when a count trips over his sword. There are more revelations of German lawlessness, and the Creed of Frightfulness is frankly avowed” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25937. p. 7 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
November 21, 1917. Brussels, Sept. 4, 1914. “There is a disturbance at the General Staff, the Governor General vanishes, troops pour through the City. Just what had occurred is not clear even yet. The French line had stopped retreating, but the first shots of the Battle of the Marne were not to be fired for nearly forty-eight hours, and the German defeat was not yet in sight. The distant Russian invasion had already been crushed at Tannenburg. The Austrians were suffering heavily at the Russian hands, but were not yet routed. The full explanation of this day’s excitement may not be given for years yet” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25938. p. 7 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
November 22, 1917. Sept. 8, 1914. “Loot! How the Germans emptied the wine cellars into themselves, and the bitter grief of those who came after the hoards had been exhausted. A princeling helps (?) Save the rare art in a home where he had been a guest” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25939. p. 9 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
November 23, 1917. Brussels, Sept. 13, 1914. “An amazing picture of Hun treachery. A trap is set for Mr. Gibson by German officers — one a friend — by which they hoped to have the Belgians fire on him. He is induced to carry a white flag through the lines — and finds that the Germans had, by violation of the flag that day, tried to make sure that it would be shot at” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25940. p. 7 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
November 24, 1917. Brussels, Sept. 13, 1914 (continued). “Antwerp prepared for defence, her avenues of trees cut down, her forts belted with wire and their surroundings flooded, her streets darkened. Also the incident of the saving of Ghent by the presence of mind of the American Vice-Consul, and the splendid way in which the Belgians backed up his promises” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25941. p. 8 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
November 25, 1917. Brussels, Sept. 13, 1914 (continued). “Rape of Belgium” (p. 1). “German Handiwork at Malines” (p. 14). Vol. 77, whole no. 25942.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
November 26, 1917. Sept. 18, 1914. “More amazing German stupidity — this time in ordering down all belgian flags and then arresting Burgomaster Max because they did not like the tone of the proclamations in which he advised against disorder! A spy of some kind — German or British — matches wits with Mr. Gibson” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25943. p. 7 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
November 27, 1917. Sept. 18, 1914 (continued). “The real beginning of the great Belgian relief work. The threatening famine and the raising of funds and laying of plans to meet it. The amazing treatment of its agents — not Belgians — by the Germans. Also, the shock of the news of the burning of Rheims Cathedral” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25944. p. 7 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
November 28, 1917. Brussels, Sept. 26, 1914. “The German genius for creating hatred: their surprising folly in seizing Burgomaster Max of Brussels, tvho had done so much to keep the city quiet and maintain good relations. Proclamations that do nothing but create ill feeling” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25945. p. 9 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
November 29, 1917. On board S.S. Oranje Nassau, off Flushing, Sept. 30, 1914. “The courage of the Belgians — refugees pour out from malines, leaving everything — and not one tear! Then to london to start the relief work” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25946. p. 7 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
November 30, 1917. Brussels, Oct. 11, 1914. “The flight from Antwerp, the whole city in confusion and only the King and Queen calm, spending their strength in sympathy for their people. Winston Churchill departs in the dark, and troops and people pour out of the city. Mr. Gibson carries plans of the city to the Germans so that the historic structures can be spared during the bombardment” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25947. p. 7 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
December 1, 1917. Brussels, Oct. 14, 1914. “The Hun reveals himself. The German governor, in a stupefying statement, threatens to starve all Belgium and declares the Allies must be responsible for feeding them. At the same time he more than hints that neutral democrats are no longer wanted around” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25948. p. 5 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
December 2, 1917. London, Oct. 20, 1914. “To-day Hoover comes on the scene — “a wonder who has the faculty of getting big calibre men about him” — and the relief organization is formed, simply, but with supreme self-sacrifice. The Belgian King and Queen are seen clinging pathetically to the last bit of Belgian soil left them, and their shattered army is visited in the tragic lines where it helped save the Channel ports” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25949. p. 12 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
December 3, 1917. Brussels, Nov. 5, 1914. “Hoover in action. How he got food, railway transportation, ships and men when British officials said all were impossible — and then got permission and shipped the food IN TIME. A shocking picture of a home wrecked by Germein officers and another of characteristic injustice” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25950. p. 7 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
December 4, 1917. Brussels, Sunday, Nov. 8, 1914. “Food arrives after a farcical muddle at the frontier, which is cleared when a Belgian governor robs ths safe to pay for it. There are some more displays of teutonism — an attempt to violate American rights, the jailing of a little boy for doing the goose-step and the looting of a golf club” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25951. p. 7 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
December 5, 1917. Brussels, Nov. 19, 1914. “More almost incredible instances of have a taste of teutonic morals and manners — broken promises, misuse of the american officials and a final astounding exhibition in which a hands minor officer not only refused to give up some British nurses on a written order from headquarters, but imprisoned the American official who brought the order!” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25952. p. 9 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
December 6, 1917. Brussels, Sunday, Dec. 6, 1914. “On the trail of the hun. The relief committee starts on a tour through Belgium and begins to learn things it had not been able to believe. Ruined towns, slaughtered peasants, murdered babies, atrocities of all kinds are shown in stupefying and overwhelming succession” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25953. p. 9 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
December 7, 1917. Brussels, Sunday, Dec. 6, 1914 (continued). “More ruined towns, but with a touch of humor among the ruins, where Belgians were cheating the germans out of seized wines by filling the bottles water of cheap liquor. The Germans could not tell the difference. An English nurse is rescued from an unspeakable prison” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25954. p. 9 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
December 8, 1917. Brussels, Dec. 10, 1914. “The first war Christmas and the dreary attempts to make some joy for the children. German discouragement becomes evident. Also a sardonic enjoyment of the newspaper published by the belgians in spite of the utmost efforts of the invaders” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25955. p. 7 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
December 9, 1917. “The true story of the murder of Edith Cavell. The amazing series of acts committed by the German officials, as if to make certain that no circumstance of deceit, injustice and crime should be absent. A law wrested beyond its meaning — a trial for which no preparation for defence inis permitted — a sentence beyond that previously given for similar actions — a series of lies to the victim’s friend — a sudden and secret doom — a hurried execution. These make a fitting climax to the story of the Hun’s Rape of Belgium” (PDF). Vol. 77, whole no. 25956. p. 14 – via Fultonhistory.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

References (continued)

The November 22, 1917, issue of the Tribune also carried a prominent display advertisement employing a fictionalized first-person proclamation by Wilhelm II, hypothetically announcing his abdication as German Emperor. The satirical text, invoking American democratic ideals, framed German surrender as imminent and was used to promote a New York real estate auction, illustrating the extent to which wartime propaganda themes were incorporated into commercial advertising. Joseph Paul Day (1873–1944) and Joseph Clarence Davies (1867–1934), Agents and Auctioneers appointed by the Referee. The property was in the Kingsbridge neighborhood of The Bronx, bounded by 230th, 231st, Kingsbridge Avenue, and Broadway.

Advertisement:. November 22, 1917.
1. Via Library of Congress.

English: A Diplomatic Diary (3 sources via HathiTrust). London, New York, Toronto: Hodder and Stoughton. Doubleday, Page and Company. 1917. LCCN 17-29362; OCLC 405884 (all editions).

Via Internet Archive (UC Riverside).

français: La Belgique pendant la guerre [Journal From Our Legation in Belgium]. Translated from English by Louis Marie Alexandre d’Ursel [fr; nl] (1886–1969). Paris: Librairie Hachette et Cⁱᵉ. 1918.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) BnF 32163562q; LCCN 19-7499; OCLC 1176986156 (all editions).

Via BnF (Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Philosophie, histoire, sciences de l’homme, 8-M-18585).
Via HathiTrust (UCLA).

The contents of this book were first published in the New York Tribune as a continuous daily series of thirty-six installments, appearing without interruption from 4 November 1917 through 9 December 1917 (Vol. 7: issue nos. 25921–25956). The datelines were from Brussels, July 4, 1914, through December 10, 1914. The series was published under the collective title, The Rape of Belgium – A Journal of the American Legation at Belgium – The Diary of Hugh Gibson, Witness. It was copyrighted in 1917 by Doubleday, Page & Company by Otis Fenner Wood (1868–1939), whose father, Fernando Wood (1812–1881), was, twice, Mayor of New York City – from 1855 to 1857 and from 1860 to 1861.

Each installment carried the following subheading (with slight variations):

“The secretary of the American Legation in Belgium, seeing everything, kept a personal diary of Germany’s immortal sin. The seal of neutrality is broken, and here is one of the great documents of the war.”

The author, Hugh Gibson, served as Secretary of the United States Legation in Brussels from 1914 to 1916, during the early years of the German occupation of Belgium. The United States subsequently elevated its mission in Brussels to the status of an Embassy in 1919.

Reviewed works:

Jahr, Christoph [in German] (1998). Gewöhnliche Soldaten: Desertion und Deserteure im deutschen und britischen Heer 1914–1918 [Ordinary Soldiers: Desertion and Deserters in the German and British Armies 1914–1918]. Series: Kritische Studien zur Geschichtswissenschaft, Nr. 123 [Critical Studies in Historiography, no. 123] (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. LCCN 98-220444; ISBN 978-3-5253-5786-6, 3-5253-5786-9; OCLC 39873715 (all editions).
Latzel, Klaus [in German] (1998). Deutsche Soldaten, nationalsozialistischer Krieg? Kriegserlebnis, Kriegserfahrung 1939–1945 [German Soldiers, National Socialist War? War Experience, Wartime Experiences 1939–1945] (in German). Paderborn: Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh. LCCN 98-210118; ISBN 978-3-5067-4470-8, 3-5067-4470-4; OCLC 40305849 (all editions).
Reimann, Aribert [in German]. Der Grosse Krieg der Sprachen: Untersuchungen zur historischen Semantik in Deutschland und England zur Zeit des Ersten Weltkriegs [The Great War of Languages: Studies in Historical Semantics in Germany and England During the First World War] (in German). Essen: Klartext Verlag. LCCN 2002-399186; ISBN 978-3-8847-4858-9, 3-8847-4858-0; OCLC 45741743 (all editions).
Ulrich, Bernd [in German]. Die Augenzeugen: Deutsche Feldpostbriefe in Kriegs- und Nachkriegszeit 1914–1933 [The Eyewitnesses: German Field Post Letters in the War and Post-War Period 1914–1933] (in German). Essen: Klartext Verlag. LCCN 98-158594; ISBN 978-3-8847-4590-8, 3-8847-4590-5; OCLC 38287291 (all editions).
Ziemann, Benjamin (1997). Front und Heimat: Ländliche Kriegserfahrungen im südlichen Bayern 1914–1923 [Front and Home Front: Rural War Experiences in Southern Bavaria 1914–1923] (in German). Essen: Klartext Verlag. OCLC 98101911 (all editions); ISBN 978-3-8847-4547-2, 3-8847-4547-6; OCLC 37034889 (all editions).

@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 * 1910–1915: [[Boardman Robinson|Boardman “Mike” Michael Robinson]] (1876–1952)
 * 1913–1915: Clive Ray Weed (1884–1936)
+: ”See [[:c:Category:Clive Weed|Category:Clive Weed]]
 * 1915–1917: [[:d:Q63850302|William Kemp Starrett]] (1889–1952), he succeeded Clive Ray Weed (1884–1936)