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== Distribution == |
== Distribution == |
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There are three population systems of ”Caliciopsis”, all in North America within the ranges of its hosts. The fungus is a more common pathogen of its hosts across the western population systems than in the eastern population.<ref name=”:3″ /> |
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In western North America, there are two population systems of ”Caliciopsis arceuthobii”, separated by approximately 700 miles: a northwestern population and a southwestern population ([[Colorado]], [[New Mexico]], [[Arizona]], [[Texas]], and [[Mexico]]). In the northwestern population, which extends through much of [[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Idaho]], [[Montana]], and [[British Columbia]], ”C. arceuthobii” primarily parasitizes ”Arceuthobium douglasii” and occasionally ”A. americanum”. The southwestern population ranges through [[Colorado]], [[New Mexico]], and [[Arizona]] to western [[Texas]] and into adjacent northern [[Mexico]], with the fungus almost exclusively parasitizing ”A. douglasii” and rarely ”A. vaginatum” subsp. ”cryptopodum”.<ref name=”:9″>{{Cite journal |last1=Hawksworth |first1=Frank |last2=Wicker |first2=Ed |last3=Scharpf |first3=Robert |date=April 1977 |title=Fungal Parasites of Dwarf Mistletoes |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fungal_parasites_of_dwarf_mistletoes_(IA_CAT77692231).pdf |journal=Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, USDA |volume=36}}</ref> |
In western North America, there are two population systems of ”Caliciopsis arceuthobii”, separated by approximately 700 miles: a northwestern population and a southwestern population ([[Colorado]], [[New Mexico]], [[Arizona]], [[Texas]], and [[Mexico]]). In the northwestern population, which extends through much of [[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Idaho]], [[Montana]], and [[British Columbia]], ”C. arceuthobii” primarily parasitizes ”Arceuthobium douglasii” and occasionally ”A. americanum”. The southwestern population ranges through [[Colorado]], [[New Mexico]], and [[Arizona]] to western [[Texas]] and into adjacent northern [[Mexico]], with the fungus almost exclusively parasitizing ”A. douglasii” and rarely ”A. vaginatum” subsp. ”cryptopodum”.<ref name=”:9″>{{Cite journal |last1=Hawksworth |first1=Frank |last2=Wicker |first2=Ed |last3=Scharpf |first3=Robert |date=April 1977 |title=Fungal Parasites of Dwarf Mistletoes |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fungal_parasites_of_dwarf_mistletoes_(IA_CAT77692231).pdf |journal=Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, USDA |volume=36}}</ref> |
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<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wicker |first=Ed F. |last2=Shaw |first2=C. Gardner |date=1968 |title=Fungal Parasites of Dwarf Mistletoes |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3757167 |journal=Mycologia |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=372–383 |doi=10.2307/3757167 |issn=0027-5514}}</ref> lots of parasitism information, some geographic range info |
<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wicker |first=Ed F. |last2=Shaw |first2=C. Gardner |date=1968 |title=Fungal Parasites of Dwarf Mistletoes |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3757167 |journal=Mycologia |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=372–383 |doi=10.2307/3757167 |issn=0027-5514}}</ref> lots of parasitism information, some geographic range info |
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<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramsfield |first=Tod D. |last2=Shamoun |first2=Simon F. |last3=van der Kamp |first3=Bart J. |date=2009-01 |title=The phenology and impact of Caliciopsis arceuthobii on lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium americanumThis article is one of a collection of papers based on a presentation from the Stem and Shoot Fungal Pathogens and Parasitic Plants: the Values of Biological Diversity session of the XXII International Union of Forestry Research Organization World Congress meeting held in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, in 2005. |url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/B08-089 |journal=Botany |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1139/B08-089 |issn=1916-2790}}</ref> information for parasitism on A americanum |
<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramsfield |first=Tod D. |last2=Shamoun |first2=Simon F. |last3=van der Kamp |first3=Bart J. |date=2009-01 |title=The phenology and impact of Caliciopsis arceuthobii on lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium americanumThis article is one of a collection of papers based on a presentation from the Stem and Shoot Fungal Pathogens and Parasitic Plants: the Values of Biological Diversity session of the XXII International Union of Forestry Research Organization World Congress meeting held in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, in 2005. |url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/B08-089 |journal=Botany |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1139/B08-089 |issn=1916-2790}}</ref> information for parasitism on A americanum |
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<ref name=”:0″ /> Peck, original description of Sphaeria arceuthobii, interesting note about a parasitic mold, citation needs cleaning up |
<ref name=”:0″ /> Peck, original description of Sphaeria arceuthobii, interesting note about a parasitic mold, citation needs cleaning up |
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Latest revision as of 06:23, 12 November 2025
species of fungus
Caliciopsis arceuthobii, also known as dwarf mistletoe smut, is a species of fungus in the Coryneliaceae family. It parasitizes the pistillate (female) flowers of four species of mistletoe: Arceuthobium americanum, A. douglasii, and A. vaginatum subsp. cryptopodum in western North America and A. pusillum in eastern North America. Its rough, black fruiting bodies appear near the tips of the mistletoe fruit, whose development it disrupts. Because of its effects on mistletoe populations, which have serious impacts on forest ecology, C. arceuthobii has been considered as a possible biological control agent.
Botanist Job Kuijt concluded that reports from the early 1900s of C. arceuthobii parasitizing Arceuthobium abietinum and A. microcarpum represented misidentifications of the host mistletoes, which in both cases were A. douglasii.[1]
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Charles Peck collected the type specimen of C. arceuthobii in 1873 near Forestburgh, New York, where it was parasitizing parasitizing Arceuthobium pusillum on Picea mariana.[2] He formally described the species in 1875 as Sphaeria arceuthobii but noted that its placement in Sphaeria was questionable because of the morphology of the perithecia.[3] Later, several new genera were split out of Sphareia, which is now considered a synonym of the much narrower genus Hypoxylon;[4] in 1882, Pier Andrea Saccardo recombined S. arceuthobii as Wallrothiella arceuthobii.[5] Margaret E. Barr again recombined the taxon in 1986, giving it its current placement in Caliciopsis.[2]
There are three population systems of Caliciopsis, all in North America within the ranges of its hosts. The fungus is a more common pathogen of its hosts across the western population systems than in the eastern population.[6]
In western North America, there are two population systems of Caliciopsis arceuthobii, separated by approximately 700 miles: a northwestern population and a southwestern population (Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, and Mexico). In the northwestern population, which extends through much of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, and British Columbia, C. arceuthobii primarily parasitizes Arceuthobium douglasii and occasionally A. americanum. The southwestern population ranges through Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona to western Texas and into adjacent northern Mexico, with the fungus almost exclusively parasitizing A. douglasii and rarely A. vaginatum subsp. cryptopodum.[7]
Need eastern population info
[8] good descriptions of morphology, inoculation experiments, ecological observations
[9] lots of parasitism information, some geographic range info
[6] information for parasitism on A americanum
[3] Peck, original description of Sphaeria arceuthobii, interesting note about a parasitic mold, citation needs cleaning up
[5] Saccardo recombination under Wallrothiella; citation may needs some cleaning up
[2] Barr recombination to current (lots of good taxonomic info)
- ^ Kuijt, Job (1963). “Distribution of dwarf mistletoes and their fungus hyperparasites in western Canada”. National Museum of Canada Bulletin. 186: 145–146.
- ^ a b c Barr, Margaret E.; Barr, Margaret E.; Rogerson, Clark T.; Smith, Stanley J.; Haines, John H. (1986). An Annotated catalog of the Pyrenomycetes described by Charles H. Peck (PDF). Albany, N.Y: University of the State of New York, State Education Dept. ISBN 978-1-55557-005-7.
- ^ a b Peck, Charles H.; Peck, Charles H.; York (State), New (1868). Report of the Botanist. Vol. 1868–1877. Albany, N.Y: University of the State of New York, Office of the Regents. p. 111.
- ^ “Species Fungorum – Species synonymy”. www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 2025-11-12.
- ^ a b Saccardo, P. A.; Traverso, Giovanni Battista (1882). Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Patavii, sumptibus auctoris. p. 455.
- ^ a b Ramsfield, Tod D.; Shamoun, Simon F.; van der Kamp, Bart J. (2009-01). “The phenology and impact of Caliciopsis arceuthobii on lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium americanumThis article is one of a collection of papers based on a presentation from the Stem and Shoot Fungal Pathogens and Parasitic Plants: the Values of Biological Diversity session of the XXII International Union of Forestry Research Organization World Congress meeting held in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, in 2005”. Botany. 87 (1): 43–48. doi:10.1139/B08-089. ISSN 1916-2790.
- ^ Hawksworth, Frank; Wicker, Ed; Scharpf, Robert (April 1977). “Fungal Parasites of Dwarf Mistletoes” (PDF). Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, USDA. 36.
- ^ Knutson, Donald M.; Hutchins, Anita Stiebrs (1979). “Wallrothiella arceuthobii Infecting Arceuthobium douglasii: Culture and Field Inoculation”. Mycologia. 71 (4): 821–828. doi:10.2307/3759193. ISSN 0027-5514.
- ^ Wicker, Ed F.; Shaw, C. Gardner (1968). “Fungal Parasites of Dwarf Mistletoes”. Mycologia. 60 (2): 372–383. doi:10.2307/3757167. ISSN 0027-5514.
