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The town of Hanmer Springs is located about midway along the north side of a rhomb-shaped topographic depression c. 15 km long and c. 7 km wide. ”’3 p6-7”’ This depression is part of the Hanmer basin whose maximum dimensions are considered to be c. 20 km by c. 10km. ”’2 p1461”’ At an elevation of c. 300 m the Hanmer plain is surrounded by ranges up to 1000 m higher. ”’3 p6-7”’ The basin formed between the right step-over of two segments of the active Hope Fault with basement-derived alluvial sediments filling the depression. ”’2 p1461-2”’ Within the town a hot water spring provides hot water for a hot pools bathing complex.
The Hanmer basin formed on the dextral strike-slip Hope Fault – an active fault within the Marlborough fault system. The fault system is part of the Pacific-Australia plate boundary zone between the westward subduction of the Pacific plate east of the North Island and the oblique strike-slip of the Alpine Fault in the South Island. ”’2 p1461, 3 p6”’ Tectonically the basin is a pull-apart basin between the right step-over of two segments of the Hope Fault. The western part of the basin is under transtension and actively subsiding in response to north-south extension. The eastern part of the basin is undergoing transpression in response to north-south shortening caused by convergence in strike of the Hope Fault segments across the basin. ”’2 p1467-70”’
Seismic and gravity studies indicate a wedge-shaped profile with sediments filling the basin to a depth of more than 1000 m along the southern margin of the basin and thinning to less than 300 m along the northern margin. ”’2 p1471-72”’ An oblique normal fault, the Hanmer Fault, runs along the northern basin-floor margin and passes about 300 m south of the thermal spring in Hanmer Springs. The fault probably reflects large-scale upper crustal collapse of the hanging-wall side of the Hope Fault. ”’2 p1459, 6”’ Basin formation probably began in the mid-to-late Pleistocene based on extrapolation of average Late Pleistocene slip rates for the Hope Fault, climatic factors and the faunal content of the sediments. ”’2 p1472”’
Underlying the basin sediments and forming the surrounding ranges is Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous greywacke of the Pahau Terrane. ”’3 p25”’ The greywacke consists of indurated thin-to-medium bedded and commonly graded sandstone and mudstone, and also thick, poorly bedded sandstone. ”’3 p25”’ The greywacke has undergone low-grade metamorphism varying from zeolite facies to prehnite-pumpellyite facies. ”’3 p26”’ The overlying basement-derived sediments are alluvial/fluvial fan and terrace deposits consisting of poorly sorted sandy gravel, silt, peat and clay. Glacial deposits from Late Pleistocene are also recognised. ”’2 p1472, 3 p43-44”’ The oldest sediments are probably mid-to-late Pleistocene coinciding with the beginning of the formation of the depression. ”’2 p1471”’
Hot Spring
The hot spring in Hanmer Springs is one of about 25 hot springs located along the central and northern parts of the Southern Alps, parallel to the Alpine Fault and Marlborough fault system. Groundwater percolates down through the basin sediments and into fractured basement to a depth of at least 2 km where it becomes heated to 180-200℃. The high temperatures are attributed to rapid uplift of up to 10 mm per year along the Alpine Fault which brings hot, deep rock (originally buried at a depth of 10 km or more) to shallow depths. The heated water loses heat by conduction as it rises towards the surface and at Hanmer Springs its temperature is 52℃ when it comes out of the borehole at the thermal pools complex. ”’1 p105, 7b, 8”’ The first known European discovery of the hot spring was in 1859. Since then the natural upward flow of heated water has diminished and is currently drawn from the borehole at about 70 m depth – depending on seasonal fluctuations. ”’7ab”’
Heat exchangers cool the water down to a range of 32-42℃ for use in the bathing pools. ”’7b”’
references
1.
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Graham|editor-first1=I.J.|year=2015|title=A continent on the move: New Zealand geoscience revealed| edition=2nd|publication-place=Wellington|publisher= Geoscience Society of New Zealand|series= GSNZ miscellaneous publications|volume=141|pages=397|isbn=978-1-877480-47-8|chapter=5}}
The town of Hanmer Springs is located about midway along the north side of a rhomb-shaped topographic depression c. 15 km long and c. 7 km wide. 3 p6-7 This depression is part of the Hanmer basin whose maximum dimensions are considered to be c. 20 km by c. 10km. 2 p1461 At an elevation of c. 300 m the Hanmer plain is surrounded by ranges up to 1000 m higher. 3 p6-7 The basin formed between the right step-over of two segments of the active Hope Fault with basement-derived alluvial sediments filling the depression. 2 p1461-2 Within the town a hot water spring provides hot water for a hot pools bathing complex.
The Hanmer basin formed on the dextral strike-slip Hope Fault – an active fault within the Marlborough fault system. The fault system is part of the Pacific-Australia plate boundary zone between the westward subduction of the Pacific plate east of the North Island and the oblique strike-slip of the Alpine Fault in the South Island. 2 p1461, 3 p6 Tectonically the basin is a pull-apart basin between the right step-over of two segments of the Hope Fault. The western part of the basin is under transtension and actively subsiding in response to north-south extension. The eastern part of the basin is undergoing transpression in response to north-south shortening caused by convergence in strike of the Hope Fault segments across the basin. 2 p1467-70
Seismic and gravity studies indicate a wedge-shaped profile with sediments filling the basin to a depth of more than 1000 m along the southern margin of the basin and thinning to less than 300 m along the northern margin. 2 p1471-72 An oblique normal fault, the Hanmer Fault, runs along the northern basin-floor margin and passes about 300 m south of the thermal spring in Hanmer Springs. The fault probably reflects large-scale upper crustal collapse of the hanging-wall side of the Hope Fault. 2 p1459, 6 Basin formation probably began in the mid-to-late Pleistocene based on extrapolation of average Late Pleistocene slip rates for the Hope Fault, climatic factors and the faunal content of the sediments. 2 p1472
Underlying the basin sediments and forming the surrounding ranges is Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous greywacke of the Pahau Terrane. 3 p25 The greywacke consists of indurated thin-to-medium bedded and commonly graded sandstone and mudstone, and also thick, poorly bedded sandstone. 3 p25 The greywacke has undergone low-grade metamorphism varying from zeolite facies to prehnite-pumpellyite facies. 3 p26 The overlying basement-derived sediments are alluvial/fluvial fan and terrace deposits consisting of poorly sorted sandy gravel, silt, peat and clay. Glacial deposits from Late Pleistocene are also recognised. 2 p1472, 3 p43-44 The oldest sediments are probably mid-to-late Pleistocene coinciding with the beginning of the formation of the depression. 2 p1471
Hot Spring
The hot spring in Hanmer Springs is one of about 25 hot springs located along the central and northern parts of the Southern Alps, parallel to the Alpine Fault and Marlborough fault system. Groundwater percolates down through the basin sediments and into fractured basement to a depth of at least 2 km where it becomes heated to 180-200℃. The high temperatures are attributed to rapid uplift of up to 10 mm per year along the Alpine Fault which brings hot, deep rock (originally buried at a depth of 10 km or more) to shallow depths. The heated water loses heat by conduction as it rises towards the surface and at Hanmer Springs its temperature is 52℃ when it comes out of the borehole at the thermal pools complex. 1 p105, 7b, 8 The first known European discovery of the hot spring was in 1859. Since then the natural upward flow of heated water has diminished and is currently drawn from the borehole at about 70 m depth – depending on seasonal fluctuations. 7ab
Heat exchangers cool the water down to a range of 32-42℃ for use in the bathing pools. 7b
references
1.
- Graham, I.J., ed. (2015). “5”. A continent on the move: New Zealand geoscience revealed. GSNZ miscellaneous publications. Vol. 141 (2nd ed.). Wellington: Geoscience Society of New Zealand. p. 397. ISBN 978-1-877480-47-8.
Is there a case for page move to: Kārearea
[edit]
article: New Zealand falcon
There is widespread use of the name Kārearea (as the principal name) across multiple sources (although only some include the macron). Based on my survey of news items, the name Kārearea, is now predominant as the principal name.
- Many news items use karearea as principal name in a story: [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8]
- Some news items use New Zealand falcon in the title, but include the name Karearea as the principal name in the body of the article: [9], [10], [11], [12],[13],
- Some news stories use NZ Falcon, with Karearea as a secondary name: [14], [15],
- A few recent news stories about the New Zealand falcon don’t use the name Karearea at at all: [16]
On websites, there is a mixture, with no clear pattern that I can observe.
The name Kārearea was used as the principal name in 2012 Bird of the Year competition, with New Zealand falcon as secondary.[17]
| Source | type | prevailing spelling | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| Te Ara | online New Zealand encyclopedia | New Zealand falcon | [18] (published 2007, revised 2015), 2, 3 |
| Department of Conservation | government department | New Zealand falcon Kārearea | [19],[20], 3 |
| New Zealand Geographic | independent magazine | Kārearea in some, falcon in others | [21] (Dec 2016), [22], [23], [24] |
| North & South | independent magazine | 1, 2, 3 | |
| New Zealand Listener | independent magazine | 1, 2, 3 | |
| RNZ | state-owned radio | Kārearea (majority) and Falcon | [25], [26], [27] |
| New Zealand Herald | major newspaper | Karearea and falcon | [28],[29], [30] |
| Stuff | major news company | Kārearea | [32],[33], [34] |
| Newshub | major news company | Kārearea and falcon | [35], [36], [37] |
| TVNZ | state-owned broadcaster | Kārearea and falcon | [38], [39] |
| Royal Society Te Apārangi | independent scientific academy | 1, 2, 3 | |
| Forest and Bird | conservation organisation | Kārearea | [40], [41], [42],[43] |
| Zealandia | private wildlife sanctuary | Kārearea | [44], [45], [46] |
| Auckland Zoo | largest NZ zoo | 1, 2, 3 | |
| New Zealand $20 banknote | 5th series | Kārearea | [47], [48], [49] |
