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* {{cite journal|url=https://ias.ubd.edu.bn/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/working_paper_series_67.pdf|title=Who are the Dusun in Brunei? Representation and Deconstruction of an Ethnic Identity|last1=Kwen Fee|first1=Lian|last2=Alas|first2=Yabit|last3=Chee Kiong|first3=Tong|last4=Ibrahim|first4=Faizul|year=2022|journal=Institute of Asian Studies|via=Universiti Brunei Darussalam|pages=1–45|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917064847/https://ias.ubd.edu.bn/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/working_paper_series_67.pdf|archive-date=17 September 2025|url-status=live}}

* {{cite journal|url=https://jurcon.ums.edu.my/ojums/index.php/JBA/article/download/4840/3101/16720|title=TUGU NUNUK RAGANG, RANAU: SIMBOL BUDAYA DAN KEPERCAYAAN MASYARAKAT DUSUN|trans-title=NUNUK RAGANG MONUMENT, RANAU: THE SYMBOL OF CULTURE AND BELIEFS OF DUSUN COMMUNITY|last=Jolius|first=Johnnatan|year=2023|language=ms|journal=Jurnal Borneo Akhailogia (Warisan, Arkeologi & Sejarah)|via=UKM Journal Article Repository|volume=8|issue=1|pages=169–188|eissn=2600-8726|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528033302/https://jurcon.ums.edu.my/ojums/index.php/JBA/article/download/4840/3101/16720|archive-date=28 May 2025|url-status=live}}

* {{cite journal|url=https://e-journal.upr.ac.id/index.php/JCP/article/view/8433/6731|title=THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE FAMILY OF LANGUAGE IN EAST BARITO, CENTRAL KALIMANTAN (DAYAK MAANYAN AND DAYAK DUSUN)|last1=Pitaloka|first1=Sonia|last2=Arisha Wianie|first2=Ramyola|last3=Rachmiati|first3=Desy|last4=Mardina|first4=Tiara|last5=Tri Utami|last5=Lusi|author6=Misria|year=2023|journal=Journal Compound|via=University of Palangka Raya|volume=11|issue=2|pages=56–61|eissn=2747-0091|doi=10.37304/jcp.v11i2.8433|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917082603/https://e-journal.upr.ac.id/index.php/JCP/article/view/8433/6731|archive-date=17 September 2025|url-status=live}}

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Dusun peoples

≈555,647 (2010)^{[notes 1]}
Malaysia (Sabah)
Dusun, Malaysian (Sabah Malay dialect) and Sabahan English
Christianity (Catholic, Protestants) (90%), Islam (Sunni) and Animism (Traditional religion (Momolianism)) (10%)
Kadazan, Sino-Dusun, Dusun people (Brunei), Rungus, Orang Sungai, Ida’an, Bisaya, Murut, Idaanic people, Lun Bawang/Lundayeh other Austronesian peoples

Dusun is the collective name of an Austronesian ethnic group indigenous to Sabah, Malaysia. They primarily live on the West Coast, in the Interior, and in the Sandakan and Tawau divisions, primarily in the districts of Ranau, Tambunan, Tuaran, Kota Marudu, Kota Belud, Penampang, Papar, Beaufort, Kuala Penyu, Keningau, Kinabatangan, and Labuk-Sugut, with some migrant villages in the districts of Tenom and Tawau on the interior and eastern coast respectively.^[3]

The Dusuns form the largest collective ethnic group in the region with rich traditional heritage, distinct dress, language and customs based on different sub-groups, with an estimated 555,647 (mixed with the Kadazans) spread across the state. They have been internationally recognised as an indigenous group in the northern part of the island of Borneo since 2004 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO).^[3]

Other similarly named, but unrelated groups are also found in neighbouring Brunei and Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Dusun in Brunei have distinct traditional beliefs and customs compared to those in Sabah. Bruneian Dusuns share a common origin, language and identity with the Bisaya people of Brunei, northern Sarawak and southwestern Sabah. Despite these differences, both groups are part of the broader Dusunic language family. In Indonesia, the Barito Dusun groups, located throughout the Barito River system, are part of the Ot Danum Dayak people, rather than being related to the Dusuns of northern Borneo.^[5]

Etymology

Dusuns tribe sign at the Mari Mari Cultural Village in Inanam, Kota Kinabalu District

The term “Dusun people” (Malay: Orang Dusun), which carries the meaning “people of the orchards“, was early coined by Bruneian Malays and Chinese overlords throughout the Sultanate of Brunei administration to refer to the agricultural populations of northern Borneo.^[8] Within the vocabulary of Dusunic languages, there is no “Dusun” word. Since most of the western coast of the northern part of Borneo was under the influence of Brunei, taxes called (Kadazan Dusun: duis) (also referred to as the ‘river tax’ in the area southeast of northern Borneo) were collected from the Dusun people.^[10] Various descriptions of the Dusuns are available throughout the British surveys and administration, the first by Thomas Forrest in 1774. Another British navigator and explorer once described the Dusuns in 1884:

… peeping curiously in at the open doors and windows were numerous Dusuns, a wild tribe
that inhabit the mountains of the northern parts of the island… according to Mr. Brooke, they are agricultural people, having a peculiar dialect of their own …

— Admiral Edward Belcher, British naval officer, hydrographer, and explorer, 1884

A 6¢ stamp featuring a Dusun woman with a gong

Following the establishment of the North Borneo Chartered Company (NBCC) and subsequently the state of North Borneo in 1881, the British administration categorised the linguistically similar twelve main and thirty-three sub-tribes collectively as “Dusuns”. The Buludupih Sungei and Ida’an, who had converted to Islam early, had preferred to be called “Sungei” and “Ida’an”, respectively, although they come from the same sub-tribes.^[15]^[16]^[17] The Dusun term was popularised by the British administration as a unifying term among the various North Borneo sub-ethnics, who also borrowed the term from past Brunei administrations. The Rungus people were part of the Dusun sub-ethnic group but formed their own distinction. Prior to the formation of the Malaysian federation in 1963, there had been a dispute over the use of the “Dusun” term among the Tangaah Dusun tribe of the Penampang and Papar districts, who resisted the use of “Dusun” to symbolise their sub-ethnicity due to previous issues throughout the British era, but with reconciliation and recognition of each other, the Dusuns in both districts are identified as Kadazan people.^{[notes 2]} The “Dusun” terms used in present-day Sabah are different than the terms used in neighbouring Sarawak and Brunei. In Brunei, the term “Dusun” is used to describe non-Muslims living along the Belait and Tutong rivers.

Background history and origin

Crocker Mountains in the northwestern part of Borneo, where many Dusuns’ homeland is located within the valley and hills of the mountain ranges

The vast majority of Dusuns live in the hills and upland valleys and have a reputation for peacefulness, hospitality, hard work, frugality, drinking and aversion to violence. The Dusuns at one time made up the most important tribe of North Borneo and once made up almost 40% of the region ethnic groups; divided into more than 30 sub-ethnic groups, or dialect groups, or tribes, each speaking a slightly different dialect of the Dusunic and Paitanic family languages, although they are mostly mutually understandable among each other. Throughout the British administration, most Dusuns have converted to mainstream religions such as Christianity (both Roman Catholic and Protestant) and some to Sunni Islam, although animism is still being practised by a minority of Dusuns.

Dusun traders as illustrated by Allan Stewart in *British North Borneo* by L. W. W. Gudgeon

The Dusuns used to trade with the coastal people by bringing their agricultural and forest produce such as rice and amber “damar” (dipterocarpaceae) to exchange for salt, salted fish and other products. The Dusuns have a special term to describe this type of trading activity, which they call “mongimbadi“. Before the establishment of railroad and road networks connecting the interior with the coastal regions of Sabah, the area within the present Tambunan-Penampang road was the trading route used by the Bundu-Liwan Dusuns to cross the Crocker Range, where the present road was largely constructed based on the original trading route used by the Dusuns on their “mongimbadi“.

In their traditional occupation as North Borneo agricultural ethnic groups and chief-rice producers, they use various methods of farming and fishing, including using the juice called “tuba” derived from the roots of the “surinit” plant to momentarily stun fish in rivers. In present days, most of the younger Dusun generation are modernised and well-integrated into the larger framework of Malaysian society, taking up various occupations as government servants and employees in the private sector, with some also becoming business owners. Many have completed tertiary education both locally and overseas (in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand).

Folk beliefs

The Dusuns have an oral history passed down through generations that their origin is tied to the legendary site of Nunuk Ragang, a giant red banyan tree where their ancestors are said to have first settled in what is northern Borneo. Based on the beliefs of the original traditional Animist–Pagan religion of the Dusuns known as Momolianism, as mentioned under the Kadazan-Dusun Genesis, the origin of the Kadazan-Dusun through the Nunuk Ragang was firstly through Kinoingan and Suminundu,^[30] the creators who also have a daughter named Huminodun, which later became the roots of the annual harvest festival celebration of Kaamatan celebrated by both the Dusuns and Kadazans.

Genetic studies

According to a Genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypic data studies by human genetics research team from University of Malaysia Sabah in 2018, the northern Bornean Dusun (comprising the Sonsogon, Rungus, Lingkabau and Murut) are closely related to Taiwan natives (the Amis and Atayal) and non–Austro-Melanesian Filipinos (the Visayans, Tagalog, Ilocano, and Manobo), rather than populations from other parts of Borneo.^[35]

Notes

^ Based on the 2010 Malaysian Population Census, which is the last census categorised into specific ethnic groups,^[1] there were a total of 555,647 Kadazan-Dusuns (the census combined the total with Kadazans) in Sabah alone, although the total number of Kadazan-Dusuns in other states of Malaysia was not provided in the census.
^ The “Tangaah Kadazan” of Penampang and Papar is a Kadazan-Dusun tribe who resist the “Dusun term” once coined by early Chinese and Brunei overlords due to a previous dark history related to the “Tagahas Dusun” for betrayals during a conflict by Mat Salleh in Tambunan.^[8]^[20] Similarly, the Lotud Dusun of Tuaran were also against the term of “Kadazan” to referring the Tangaah of Penampang and Papar until the problem of the “Kadazan” and “Dusun” term were settled with the recognition of each other.^[8]

References

^ Samad, Joe (21 July 2023). “Removing ethnicity in Sabah statistics”. FMT. Archived from the original on 16 May 2025. Retrieved 15 September 2025. In 2015, a controversy raged when the Borneo states discovered that the Malaysian federal government had removed all East Malaysian ethnicities and lumped everyone under the derogatory term “lain-lain” (others). The controversial term was removed after strong protest from the Sabah and Sarawak state governments which eventually saw the people of both Borneo states being allowed to state their ethnicity on government forms. In its 2020 Yearbook, based on a 2010 census, the state’s total population was categorised by ethnicity – Kadazan/Dusun, Bajau, Murut, Bumiputera lain, Cina, India and “lain-lain” (others). The latest 2021 report, however, has removed the specific ethnic categories and instead lumped them up under ‘Bumiputera lain’ while maintaining the “Cina”, “India” and “lain-lain” categories.
^ ^a ^b Language: Kadazandusun, Malaysia (media). UNESCO (Discovery Channel ed.). Paris, France. 2004. 1:00 minutes in. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
^ (Pitaloka et al. 2022, pp. 56–61) harv error: no target: CITEREFPitalokaArisha_WianieRachmiatiMardina2022 (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c Luping, Herman (27 March 2011). “Why the label Dusun wasn’t chosen”. Daily Express. Archived from the original on 26 May 2025. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
^ Institute of Language and Literature Malaysia 2012, p. 39.
^ “Etnik Sungai Buludupih” [Buludupih Sungei Ethnic] (PDF). Sabah Cultural Board (in Malay). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 September 2025.
^ “Etnik Idahan” [Idahan Ethnic] (PDF). Sabah Cultural Board (in Malay). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 September 2025.
^ Dennelton (6 September 2011). “The Origin of Dusun Tribe in Sabah”. The Valley of Kota Marudu (TVOKM). Archived from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2025.
^ Thien, David (30 December 2019). “‘Brits asked Mat Salleh to become Sultan in Tambunan’“. Daily Express. Archived from the original on 26 May 2025. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
^ “Kadazandusun Genesis”. Kadazan-Dusun Cultural Association (KDCA). Archived from the original on 26 April 2025. Retrieved 26 April 2025.
^ (Yew et al. 2018, pp. 216–226)

Bibliography

Emil Lüring, Heinrich L. (1897). “A Vocabulary of the Dusun Language of Kimanis”. Journal of The Straits Branch of The Royal Asiatic Society. 30 (5): 1–29 – via Internet Archive.
Gudgeon, L. W. W. (1913). British North Borneo. A. and C. Black.
Rutter, Owen (1 January 1922). British North Borneo : an account of its history, resources, and native tribes. Dalcassian Publishing Company.
Great Britain Colonial Office (1950). Colonial Reports Report on North Borneo (PDF). H.M. Stationery Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 September 2025 – via Southeast Asian Development in the Long Term.
Appell, G. N. (1968). “The Dusun Languages of Northern Borneo: The Rungus Dusun and Related Problems”. Oceanic Linguistics. 7 (1). University of Hawai’i Press: 1–15. doi:10.2307/3622844. JSTOR 3622844.
Chay, Peter (1988). Sabah: The Land Below the Wind. Foto Technik. ISBN 978-967-9981-12-4.
Shah, Mohd Hazim; Sundaram, Jomo Kwame; Phua, Kai Lit (2002). New Perspectives in Malaysian Studies. Malaysian Social Science Association. ISBN 978-983-99603-6-5.
Tangit, Trixie M. (2005). PLANNING KADAZANDUSUN (SABAH, MALAYSIA): LABELS, IDENTITY, AND LANGUAGE (PDF). Master of Arts in Linguistics (Thesis). p. 1–147. Archived from the original on 26 May 2025 – via ScholarSpace of University of Hawaiʻi.
Kok On, Low (2006). “READING SYMBOLS AND MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE IN THE “TAMBUNAN DUSUN ORIGIN MYTH” OF NORTH BORNEO” (PDF). International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies. 2 (2): 29–50. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2025 – via Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Wise, Mary Ruth; Zook, Mae (2008). Combrink, Hans J. B.; Soderberg, Craig; E. Boutin, Michael; Y. Boutin, Alanna (eds.). “INDIGENOUS GROUPS OF SABAH: An Annotated Bibliography of Linguistic and Anthropological Sources” (PDF). Part 2: Ethnic group index Topical index. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia: 1–309. ISBN 978-155671-219-7. ISSN 1934-2470. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 September 2025 – via SIL Global.
Hussin, Hanafi (2008). “PERFORMING RICE FARMING RITUALS BY PENAMPANG KADAZAN OF EAST MALAYSIA: BETWEEN SACRED RITUAL AND SECULAR PERFORMANCE” (PDF). Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 13: 173–190. Archived from the original on 16 September 2025 – via Department of Southeast Asian Studies, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Malaya.
Reid, Anthony (2010). Imperial Alchemy: Nationalism and Political Identity in Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87237-9.
Dewan bahasa: jurnal pembinaan dan pengembangan bahasa [Language council: a journal of language development and construction] (in Malay). Institute of Language and Literature Malaysia. 2012.
Kok On, Low (2012). “BELIEF IN BAMBARAYON (PADDY SPIRITS) AMONG THE KADAZANDUSUN OF NORTH BORNEO” (PDF). Borneo Research Journal. 6. Universiti Malaysia Sabah: 78 – via University of Malaya.
Yew, Chee Wei; Hoque, Mohd Zahirul; Pugh-Kitingan, Jacqueline; et al. (2018). “Genetic Relatedness of Indigenous Ethnic Groups in Northern Borneo to Neighboring Populations from Southeast Asia, as Inferred from Genome-Wide SNP Data”. Annals of Human Genetics. 82 (4): 216–226. doi:10.1111/ahg.12246. PMID 29521412. S2CID 3780230.
Gimbad, Elizabeth (2020). “Cultivating Rice and Identity: An Ethnography of the Dusun People in Sabah, Malaysia” (PDF). Western Sydney University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2025.
Augustin, Nyzveldo; Ab. Aziz, Ruhaya (2021). “The Development of Pictorial Dictionary for Learning Dusun Language”. Applied Information Technology and Computer Science. 2 (1): 174–195. eISSN 2773-5141. Archived from the original on 17 September 2025 – via Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia.
James, Jude; Talin, Rosy; Singh Bikar, Soon (2022). “Etymology of the Term “Dusun” from Literature Perspectives of Old Written Record”. Journal of Borneo-Kalimantan. 8 (1): 1–13. Archived from the original on 16 September 2025 – via Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
Kwen Fee, Lian; Alas, Yabit; Chee Kiong, Tong; Ibrahim, Faizul (2022). “Who are the Dusun in Brunei? Representation and Deconstruction of an Ethnic Identity” (PDF). Institute of Asian Studies: 1–45. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 September 2025 – via Universiti Brunei Darussalam.
Jolius, Johnnatan (2023). “TUGU NUNUK RAGANG, RANAU: SIMBOL BUDAYA DAN KEPERCAYAAN MASYARAKAT DUSUN” [NUNUK RAGANG MONUMENT, RANAU: THE SYMBOL OF CULTURE AND BELIEFS OF DUSUN COMMUNITY]. Jurnal Borneo Akhailogia (Warisan, Arkeologi & Sejarah) (in Malay). 8 (1): 169–188. eISSN 2600-8726. Archived from the original on 28 May 2025 – via UKM Journal Article Repository.
Pitaloka, Sonia; Arisha Wianie, Ramyola; Rachmiati, Desy; Mardina, Tiara; Lusi; Misria (2023). “THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE FAMILY OF LANGUAGE IN EAST BARITO, CENTRAL KALIMANTAN (DAYAK MAANYAN AND DAYAK DUSUN)”. Journal Compound. 11 (2): 56–61. doi:10.37304/jcp.v11i2.8433. eISSN 2747-0091. Archived from the original on 17 September 2025 – via University of Palangka Raya.

External links

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Etymology