Common childhood malignancies can be categorized by the International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC), which is a standardized method created by the World Health Organization (WHO).
”’I. Leukemias, Myeloproliferative And Myelodysplastic Diseases”’
{| class=”wikitable”
|+
!ICCC Classification
!Information
!Signs and Symptoms
|-
| colspan=”3″ |”’I. Leukemias, Myeloproliferative And Myelodysplastic Diseases”’
|-
|(a) Lymphoid leukemias
| rowspan=”5″ |This is the most common type of cancer during childhood,[ref] and [[acute lymphoblastic leukemia]] (ALL) is most common in children. ALL usually develops in children between the ages of 1 and 10 (it could occur at any age). This type of cancer is more prevalent in males and white people.[ref] Diagnosis is frequently delayed due to nonspecific early symptoms. It is recommended that a [[complete blood count]] is obtained (CBC) if any suspicious findings arise.
| rowspan=”5″ |
* Generalized [[malaise]]
* Loss of [[appetite]]
* Low-grade fever
* [[Pallor]]
* [[Petechia|Petechiae]]
* [[Bruise|Ecchymoses]]
* Bone pain
* Significant, unintended, and sudden weight loss
* Significant [[lymphadenopathy]]
* [[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
|-
|(b) Acute myeloid leukemias
|-
|(c) Chronic myeloproliferative diseases
|-
|(d) Myelodysplastic syndrome and other myeloproliferative diseases
|-
|(e) Unspecified and other specified leukemias
|-
| colspan=”3″ |”’II. Lymphomas and reticuloendothelial neoplasms”’
|-
|(a) Hodgkin lymphomas
|The likelihood of developing [[Hodgkin lymphoma|Hodgkin]] [[Hodgkin lymphoma|Lymphoma]] increases during childhood and it peaks in adolescence.[ref2]
|
* Painless mass in the neck
* Persistent cough secondary to a [[Mediastinal tumors|mediastinal]] mass
* ”L”ess commonly: [[splenomegaly]] or enlarged axillary or inguinal [[Lymph node|lymph nodes]]
* Intermittent fever
* Drenching night sweats
* Loss of greater than 10 percent of total body weight.
* [[Anorexia (symptom)|Anorexia]]
* [[Fatigue]]
* [[Itch|Pruritus]]
* Persistent painless mass
|-
|(b) Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (except Burkitt lymphoma)
| rowspan=”4″ |[[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma|Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma]] is more common in older children, and it is less prevalent than Hodgkin’s disease.[ref]
| rowspan=”4″ |If the abdomen is affected
* Abdominal pain
* [[Vomiting]] or [[diarrhea]]
* Palpable mass and intussusception
If mediastinum is affected
* Severe [[Shortness of breath|dyspnea]]
* [[Superior vena cava syndrome]][ref]
If head and neck masses are affected
* Palpable mass
* Cranial nerve [[palsies]]
* Nasal obstruction
|-
|(c) Burkitt lymphoma
|-
|(d) Miscellaneous lymphoreticular neoplasms
|-
|(e) Unspecified lymphomas
|-
| colspan=”3″ |”’III. CNS and Miscellaneous Intracranial and Intraspinal Neoplasms”’
|-
|(a) Ependymomas and choroid plexus tumor
| rowspan=”6″ |CNS tumors are the second most common [[malignancy]] diagnosed during childhood.[ref]
| rowspan=”6″ |
* [[Headache]]
* [[Nausea|Nausea and vomiting]]
* [[Papilledema]]
* Bulging [[fontanelle]]
* Behavioral changes (lethargy, irritability, etc)
* [[Failure to thrive]]
* [[Ataxia]]
* Other [[Gait (human)|gait]] disturbances ([[hydrocephalus]] due to aqueduct compression)
* Cranial nerve abnormalities as a result of brainstem compression
|-
|(b) Astrocytomas
|-
|(c) Intracranial and intraspinal embryonal tumors
|-
|(d) Other gliomas
|-
|(e) Other specified intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms
|-
|(f) Unspecified intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms
|-
| colspan=”3″ |”’IV. Neuroblastoma And Other Peripheral Nervous Cell Tumors”’
|-
|(a) Neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma
| rowspan=”2″ |This cancer is an extracranial solid tumor commonly diagnosed in childhood.
| rowspan=”2″ |
* Dysfunction of the location of the primary tumor
* Anorexia
* Abdominal pain
* Distention
|-
|(b) Other peripheral nervous cell tumors
|-
|”’V. Retinoblastoma”’
|Retinoblastomas typically affect children under 3 years old.[ref] Most children in resource-rich areas survive but they may lose vision in the affected eye.[ref]
|
* [[Leukocoria]]
* Vision loss
* [[Strabismus]]
|-
| colspan=”3″ |”’VI. Renal Tumors”’
|-
|(a) Nephroblastoma and other non-epithelial renal tumors
| rowspan=”3″ |
| rowspan=”3″ |
* [[Hematuria]]
* [[Hypertension]]
* Abdominal mass
* Abdominal pain
* Fever
|-
|(b) Renal carcinomas
|-
|(c) Unspecified malignant renal tumors
|-
| colspan=”3″ |”’VII. Hepatic Tumors”’
|-
|(a) Hepatoblastoma and mesenchymal tumors of liver
| rowspan=”3″ |
| rowspan=”3″ |
* [[Jaundice]]
* [[Hepatomegaly]]
* Abdominal mass
* [[Nausea|Nausea and vomiting]]
* [[Ascites]]
* Weight loss
* Appetite loss
|-
|(b) Hepatic carcinomas
|-
|(c) Unspecified malignant hepatic tumors
|-
| colspan=”3″ |”’VIII. Malignant Bone Tumors”’
|-
|(a) Osteosarcomas
| rowspan=”5″ |
| rowspan=”5″ |
* Localized bone pain
* [[Pathologic fracture|Pathologic fractures]] with minimal trauma
* Difficulty bearing weight
|-
|(b) Chondrosarcomas
|-
|(c) Ewing tumor and related sarcomas of bone
|-
|(d) Other specified malignant bone tumors
|-
|(e) Unspecified malignant bone tumors
|-
| colspan=”3″ |”’IX. Soft Tissue And Other Extraosseous Sarcomas”’
|-
|(a) Rhabdomyosarcomas
| rowspan=”5″ |
| rowspan=”5″ |
* Localized mass
* Swelling or pain
* Limited range of motion
* Redness or warmth
* Skin changes (ulceration, discoloration)
|-
|(b) Fibrosarcomas, peripheral nerve sheath tumors and oth fibrous neoplasms
|-
|(c) Kaposi sarcoma
|-
|(d) Other specified soft tissue sarcomas
|-
|(e) Unspecified soft tissue sarcomas
|-
| colspan=”3″ |”’X. Germ Cell Tumors, Trophoblastic Tumors And Neoplasms Of Gonads”’
|-
|(a) Intracranial and intraspinal germ cell tumors
| rowspan=”5″ |
| rowspan=”5″ |
* Testicular or ovarian swelling
* Abdominal pain or fullness
* [[Virilization]]
* [[Precocious puberty]]
* [[Abnormal uterine bleeding]]
|-
|(b) Malignant extracranial and extragonadal germ cell tumors
|-
|(c) Malignant gonadal germ cell tumors
|-
|(d) Gonadal carcinomas
|-
|(e) Other and unspecified malignant gonadal tumors
|-
| colspan=”3″ |”’XI. Other Malignant Epithelial Neoplasms And Malignant Melanomas”’
|-
|(a) Adrenocortical carcinomas
|These tumors are classified as functioning or non-functioning, depending on whether they are [[adrenocortical hormone]]-producing.
|
* Abdominal mass
* [[Hypertension]]
* [[Hyperglycemia]]
* Weight gain
* Hormone production
** [[Hirsutism]]
** [[Virilization]]
** Acne
** Gynecomastia
|-
|(b) Thyroid carcinomas
|Most thyroid cancers are “cold” (not hormone-producing) but can rarely produce [[Thyroid hormones|thyroid hormone]]
|
* Palpable mass on thyroid
* [[Lymphadenopathy]]
* Hoarseness
*
|-
|(c) Nasopharyngeal carcinomas
|
|
|-
|(d) Malignant melanomas
|
|
|-
|(e) Skin carcinomas
|
|
|-
|(f) Other and unspecified carcinomas
|
|
|-
| colspan=”3″ |”’XII. Other And Unspecified Malignant Neoplasms”’
|-
|(a) Other specified malignant tumors
|
|
|-
|(b) Other unspecified malignant tumors
|
|
|}
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Common childhood malignancies can be categorized by the International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC), which is a standardized method created by the World Health Organization (WHO).
I. Leukemias, Myeloproliferative And Myelodysplastic Diseases
| ICCC Classification | Information | Signs and Symptoms |
|---|---|---|
| I. Leukemias, Myeloproliferative And Myelodysplastic Diseases | ||
| (a) Lymphoid leukemias | This is the most common type of cancer during childhood,[ref] and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is most common in children. ALL usually develops in children between the ages of 1 and 10 (it could occur at any age). This type of cancer is more prevalent in males and white people.[ref] Diagnosis is frequently delayed due to nonspecific early symptoms. It is recommended that a complete blood count is obtained (CBC) if any suspicious findings arise. | |
| (b) Acute myeloid leukemias | ||
| (c) Chronic myeloproliferative diseases | ||
| (d) Myelodysplastic syndrome and other myeloproliferative diseases | ||
| (e) Unspecified and other specified leukemias | ||
| II. Lymphomas and reticuloendothelial neoplasms | ||
| (a) Hodgkin lymphomas | The likelihood of developing Hodgkin Lymphoma increases during childhood and it peaks in adolescence.[ref2] |
|
| (b) Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (except Burkitt lymphoma) | Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is more common in older children, and it is less prevalent than Hodgkin’s disease.[ref] | If the abdomen is affected
If mediastinum is affected If head and neck masses are affected
|
| (c) Burkitt lymphoma | ||
| (d) Miscellaneous lymphoreticular neoplasms | ||
| (e) Unspecified lymphomas | ||
| III. CNS and Miscellaneous Intracranial and Intraspinal Neoplasms | ||
| (a) Ependymomas and choroid plexus tumor | CNS tumors are the second most common malignancy diagnosed during childhood.[ref] | |
| (b) Astrocytomas | ||
| (c) Intracranial and intraspinal embryonal tumors | ||
| (d) Other gliomas | ||
| (e) Other specified intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms | ||
| (f) Unspecified intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms | ||
| IV. Neuroblastoma And Other Peripheral Nervous Cell Tumors | ||
| (a) Neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma | This cancer is an extracranial solid tumor commonly diagnosed in childhood. |
|
| (b) Other peripheral nervous cell tumors | ||
| V. Retinoblastoma | Retinoblastomas typically affect children under 3 years old.[ref] Most children in resource-rich areas survive but they may lose vision in the affected eye.[ref] | |
| VI. Renal Tumors | ||
| (a) Nephroblastoma and other non-epithelial renal tumors | ||
| (b) Renal carcinomas | ||
| (c) Unspecified malignant renal tumors | ||
| VII. Hepatic Tumors | ||
| (a) Hepatoblastoma and mesenchymal tumors of liver | ||
| (b) Hepatic carcinomas | ||
| (c) Unspecified malignant hepatic tumors | ||
| VIII. Malignant Bone Tumors | ||
| (a) Osteosarcomas | ||
| (b) Chondrosarcomas | ||
| (c) Ewing tumor and related sarcomas of bone | ||
| (d) Other specified malignant bone tumors | ||
| (e) Unspecified malignant bone tumors | ||
| IX. Soft Tissue And Other Extraosseous Sarcomas | ||
| (a) Rhabdomyosarcomas |
|
|
| (b) Fibrosarcomas, peripheral nerve sheath tumors and oth fibrous neoplasms | ||
| (c) Kaposi sarcoma | ||
| (d) Other specified soft tissue sarcomas | ||
| (e) Unspecified soft tissue sarcomas | ||
| X. Germ Cell Tumors, Trophoblastic Tumors And Neoplasms Of Gonads | ||
| (a) Intracranial and intraspinal germ cell tumors | ||
| (b) Malignant extracranial and extragonadal germ cell tumors | ||
| (c) Malignant gonadal germ cell tumors | ||
| (d) Gonadal carcinomas | ||
| (e) Other and unspecified malignant gonadal tumors | ||
| XI. Other Malignant Epithelial Neoplasms And Malignant Melanomas | ||
| (a) Adrenocortical carcinomas | These tumors are classified as functioning or non-functioning, depending on whether they are adrenocortical hormone-producing. | |
| (b) Thyroid carcinomas | Most thyroid cancers are “cold” (not hormone-producing) but can rarely produce thyroid hormone | |
| (c) Nasopharyngeal carcinomas | ||
| (d) Malignant melanomas | ||
| (e) Skin carcinomas | ||
| (f) Other and unspecified carcinomas | ||
| XII. Other And Unspecified Malignant Neoplasms | ||
| (a) Other specified malignant tumors | ||
| (b) Other unspecified malignant tumors | ||
 |
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