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After the collapse of the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia Mari, including Qaṭṭunān, came under the control of the Lim dynasty of Suprum beginning with [[Yaggid-Lim]]. The Old Babylonian period kingdom of Mari was made up of several parts, the central district of [[Mari, Syria|Mari]], [[Terqa]] and [[Saggarâtum]], Qaṭṭunān, and [[Tuttul]]. Known towns in Qaṭṭunān

After the collapse of the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia Mari, including Qaṭṭunān, came under the control of the Lim dynasty of Suprum beginning with [[Yaggid-Lim]]. The Old Babylonian period kingdom of Mari was made up of several parts, the central district of [[Mari, Syria|Mari]], [[Terqa]] and [[Saggarâtum]], Qaṭṭunān, and [[Tuttul]]. Known towns in Qaṭṭunān

during the Mari period were Magrisâ (possibly Tell Tnenir), Jâbatum, Zilhân, Tehrân, Dûr-sâbim, Latihum, Bît-Kapân (possibly Tell Fiden), and Râhatum (possibly Tell Abu Ha’it) all, like Qaṭṭunān on the left bank of the Habur

during the Mari period were Magrisâ (possibly Tell Tnenir), Jâbatum, Zilhân, Tehrân, Dûr-sâbim, Latihum, Bît-Kapân (possibly Tell Fiden), and Râhatum (possibly Tell Abu Ha’it) all like Qaṭṭunān on the left bank of the Habur

and were connected by a road. It is uncertain if Tâbatum ([[Tell Taban]]) was part of the province.<ref name=”Ziegler2011″ /> On taking power, Zimri-Lim launched a program to expand agriculture at Qaṭṭunān. There were 100 acres

and were connected by a road. It is uncertain if Tâbatum ([[Tell Taban]]) was part of the province.<ref name=”Ziegler2011″ /> On taking power, Zimri-Lim launched a program to expand agriculture at Qaṭṭunān. There were 100 acres

under cultivation in Zimri-Lim 1 but by Zimri-Lim 10 that had expanded to 1000 acres. As the population

under cultivation in Zimri-Lim 1 but by Zimri-Lim 10 that had expanded to 1000 acres. As the population

Ancient Mesopotamian city


Qaṭṭunān was a city and area in the ancient Near East which is still unlocated though it is known to have been on the Habur River, a tributary of the Euphrates in Syria. It was mostly given over to pasture
with some agriculture near the city and parts of the lower valley, primarily in barley and sesame. In the Hana period of control it was named Qaṭṭunā and it was been suggested that in the Middle Assyria period it was called Qaṭni and
in the Neo-Assyrian period Qaṭnu (also Qaṭinê).[1] A Neo-Assyrian governor Nergal-ēreš c. 800 BC was in charge of “Dūr-Katlimmu, Kār-Aššūr-nāṣir-apli, Sirqu, the lands Laqê, Ḫindānu, the city Anat, the land Suḫu (and) the city (Ana)-Aššūr-(utēr)-aṣbat”.[2]

History

Initially, the area of Mari, including Qaṭṭunān, came under the control of the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia ruled by Shamshi-Adad I of Ekallatum. Shamshi-Adad I assigned control of Mari to his second son Yasmah-Adad who
placed Qaṭṭunān under a governor, Haqba-ahum. Little is known
about the history or condition of Qaṭṭunān under Yasmah-Adad but the first representative of
Zimri-Lim at the city reported that “I have to cope with a ruined palace”.[3]

After the collapse of the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia Mari, including Qaṭṭunān, came under the control of the Lim dynasty of Suprum beginning with Yaggid-Lim. The Old Babylonian period kingdom of Mari was made up of several parts, the central district of Mari, Terqa and Saggarâtum, Qaṭṭunān, and Tuttul. Known towns in Qaṭṭunān
during the Mari period were Magrisâ (possibly Tell Tnenir), Jâbatum, Zilhân, Tehrân, Dûr-sâbim, Latihum, Bît-Kapân (possibly Tell Fiden), and Râhatum (possibly Tell Abu Ha’it) all like Qaṭṭunān on the left bank of the Habur
and were connected by a road. It is uncertain if Tâbatum (Tell Taban) was part of the province.[4] On taking power, Zimri-Lim launched a program to expand agriculture at Qaṭṭunān. There were 100 acres
under cultivation in Zimri-Lim 1 but by Zimri-Lim 10 that had expanded to 1000 acres. As the population
in Qaṭṭunān was largely nomadic with a relatively small sedentary population as the first few years
reserve troops were sent in to help with the harvest. In Zimri-Lim years 4 and 8 there was no
harvest due to an invasion of locusts.[5][6][7] Troops from Hana were part of the Mari military and are reported in a text as being deployed from Tâbatum to Qaṭṭunān.
[8]

A governor of Qaṭṭunān under Zimri-Lim is known, Zakira-Ḫammû.[6] Other known governors were Akîn-urubam, Iddin-Annu, Akšak-magir, Ilušu-naṣir, and Zimri-Addu (Zikri-Addu).[9] In one text Zakira-Ḫammû refuses to give up a beautiful servant woman to to a representative of the ruler.

“On the release of a maidservant to the envoy of Haya-sumu (of Ilanṣura), my lord wrote me the following, “Agree on a substitute for this maidservant and release his wife.” I have really looked into all these matters. This maidservant is one of the palace’s servants. When my lord captured Hazzakkannum, this servant was being raised; she is now a textile worker. Realising how beautiful is this maidservant and (in contrast) how aged is the one they are holding as replacement, I have decided not to release this maidservant to Haya-sumu’s envoy.’ It is not only because she had been trained as a weaver that the governor of Qaṭṭunān refused to transfer this woman – since the education of all girls included spinning and weaving – but mainly because she was beautiful”[10]

Zimri-Lim was known to make unannounced visits to his various palaces. In one text Zimri-Addu complains “I have heard from my own sources about my lord’s travel to Qattnunâ. If my lord is coming here, a note from my lord should promptly reach me so that I can prepare in advance of my lord.”[11]

After a long and successful reign which included an alliance with Babylon the kingdom of Mari, minus Mari itself which had been destroyed, fell under the control of Babylon during its expansionist phase under Hammurabi whose 33rd year name included “… overthrew in battle the army of Mari and Malgium and caused Mari and its territory and the various cities of Subartu to dwell under his authority in friendship …”.[12][13]

After the fall of Babylon c. 1600 BC Qaṭṭunān along with Saggarâtum, became part of the Kingdom of Hana, with Terqa usually considered to be its capitol. This continued until c. 1400 BC when Hana became a vassal of the Mitanni Empire. At that point the capital of Hana became Qaṭṭunān.[14] After that there are no records of Qaṭṭunān though it has been suggested that it existed under other names.[15][16][17][18]

Location

Saggarâtum is known to have been on the Habur River, a tributary of the Euphrates river. The site of Tall Fadġamī (Tell Fagdami), 50 kilometers south of Tell Taban, has been suggest for Qattunan as has the
10 hectare site of Tell Ašamsâni which is about 5 kilometers from Tall Fadġamī.[4]

Shamshi-Adad I of Ekallatum wrote to Yasmah-Adad about a planned visit to Mari from his capitol in Shubat-Enlil saying

“What you send to Shubat-Enlil in Saggaratum let them receive in boats. From Saggaratu[m] to Qattunan. From Qattunan in wagons let the Qattunaneans ta[ke] it. Let them carry it to Shubat-Enlil.”[19][20]

It is known that Qaṭṭunān was upstream of Saggarātum on the Habur river. On its southern border
the unlocated town of Bīt-Kapān on the Habur a days march north of Saggarātum acted as
a way station between the two provinces and appeared to be under joint control of the two governors. In a text the governor of Saggarātum complained, after a flood occurred:

“Already twice in the past, he [= the governor of Qaṭṭunān] has not announced the (flood of the) Ḫābūr! Now, here [= in Saggarātum], the rain did not fall: the place where the rain fell is far away. And the Ḫābūr […]”[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ [1]Fales, Frederick Mario, “Production and consumption at Dūr-Katlimmu: a survey of the evidence”, Dūr-Katlimmu 2008 and Beyond, pp. 67-86, 2010
  2. ^ Niederreiter, Z., “Cylinder Seals of Eleven Eunuchs (ša rēši Officials): A Study on Glyptics
    Dated to the Reign of Adad-nērārī III”, SAAB 21, p. 117–156, 2015
  3. ^ [2] Sasson, Jack M., “Treatment of Criminals at Mari: A Survey”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 90–113, 1977
  4. ^ a b Ziegler, Nele, “La province de Qaṭṭunân à l’époque de Zimrî-Lîm”, Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 105, pp. 5–16, 2011
  5. ^ Heimpel, W., “Moroccan locusts in Qaṭṭunan”, RA 90, pp. 101-120, 1996
  6. ^ a b c [3]Reculeau, H., “The Lower Ḫābūr before the Assyrians”, in H. Kühne ed., Dūr-Katlimmu 2008 and Beyond, Studia Chaburensia 1, Wiesbaden, pp. 187-216, 2010
  7. ^ [4]Van Koppen, Frans, “The organisation of institutional agriculture in Mari”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient/Journal de l’histoire economique et sociale de l’Orient, pp. 451-504, 2001
  8. ^ Heimpel, Wolfgang, “Observations on the Royal Letters from Mari”, Orientalia, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 88–104, 2000
  9. ^ Lewy, Hildegard, “Šubat-Šamaš and Tuttul”, Orientalia, vol. 27, no. 1, 1958, pp. 1–18, 1958
  10. ^ [5]Michel, Cécile, “Textile Workers in the Royal Archives of Mari (Syria, 18 th Century BC)”, 10th ICAANE, Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, pp. 127-138, 2016
  11. ^ Sasson, Jack M., “‘It is for this reason that i have not come down to my lord…’ : visit obligations and vassal pretexts in the Mari archives”, Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 107, pp. 119–29, 2013
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Ebeling1938 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Yamada, Shigeo, “The City of Ṭābatum and its Surroundings: The Organization of Power in the Post-Hammurabi Period”, Organization, Representation, and Symbols of Power in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 54th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Würzburg 20–25 Jul, edited by Gernot Wilhelm, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 591-604, 2012
  14. ^ [6]Tenu, Aline, “From Karkemiš to Rapiqu: The Assyrians in the Euphrates Valley in the 13th century”, Res antiquitatis 2, pp. 132-160, 2020
  15. ^ Chavalas, Mark, “Terqa and the Kingdom of Khana”, The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 90–103, 1996
  16. ^ Podany, Amanda H., “Hana and the Low Chronology”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 49–71, 2014
  17. ^ Buccellati, Giorgio, “The Kingdom and Period of Khana”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 270, pp. 43–61, 1988
  18. ^ [7] Yamada, Shigeo, “An adoption contract from Tell Taban, the kings of the land of Hana, and the Hana-style scribal tradition”, Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale 105.1, pp. 61-84, 2011
  19. ^ Roskop, Angela, Itineraries: Their Forms and Contexts”, The Wilderness Itineraries: Genre, Geography, and the Growth of Torah, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 50-82, 2011
  20. ^ Stol, M., & van Lerberghe, K., “Saggaratum”, in On Trees, Mountains, and Millstones in the Ancient Near East. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1979

Further reading

  • Birot, Maurice, “Correspondance des gouverneurs de Qaṭṭunân”, ARM 27, Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations, 1993
  • Durand, J.-M, “Administrateurs de Qaṭṭunân”, in D. Charpin/J.-M. Durand (eds.), Florilegium Marianum II. Recueil d’études à la mémoire de Maurice Birot. Mémoires de NABU 3, Paris, pp. 83–114, 1994
  • Finet, André, “Une affaire de disette dans un district du royaume de Mari”, Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 57–69, 1959
  • Guillot, Isabelle, “Les gouverneurs de Qaṭṭunân. Nouveaux textes (Textes no. 130 à 138)”, in Charpin, D., Durand J.-M. (edd.), Recueil d’étudesà la mémoire de Marie-Thérèse Barrelet. = FM 3, (Paris: SEPOA), pp. 271–290, 1997
  • Guichard, Michaël, and I. Paris, “Šuduhum, un royaume d’IdaMaraṣ et ses rois Yatârmalik, Ham mīkūn et AmudpāEl”, Berliner Beiträge zum Vorderen Orient, pp. 75-120, 2009
  • Heimpel, Wolfgang, “Moroccan locusts in Qaṭṭunan”, Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale, pp. 101–120, 1996
  • Michel, C., “Qaṭṭunān”, Reallexikon der Assyriologie 11, pp. 171-2, 2007
  • Safren, Jonathan D., “New Evidence for the Title of the Provincial Governor at Mari”, Hebrew Union College Annual, vol. 50, pp. 1–15, 1979
  • Shibata, Daisuke, “The Toponyms, ‘the Land of Māri’, in the Late Second Millennium B.C.”, Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 105, pp. 95–108, 2011
  • Streck, M. P, “Sibilants in the Old Babylonian texts of Hammurapi and of the governors in Qaṭṭunān”, in G. Deutscher/N. J. C. Kouwenberg (ed.), The Akkadian language in its Semitic context. Studies in the Akkadian of the third and second millennium BC. PIHANS 106. Leiden, pp. 215–251, 2006

Category:Archaeological sites in Syria

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