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# The multipotent progenitor cell can either become a common myeloid progenitor (CMP) or a common lymphoid progenitor (CLP). CMPs are the cells that go on to become red blood cells as well as platelets, macrophages, monocytes, and granulocytes.<ref name=”:1″ /> |
# The multipotent progenitor cell can either become a common myeloid progenitor (CMP) or a common lymphoid progenitor (CLP). CMPs are the cells that go on to become red blood cells as well as platelets, macrophages, monocytes, and granulocytes.<ref name=”:1″ /> |
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# The common myeloid progenitor becomes a megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor (MEP), which is the cell line that goes on to become red blood cells or platelets.<ref name=”:1″ /> |
# The common myeloid progenitor becomes a megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor (MEP), which is the cell line that goes on to become red blood cells or platelets.<ref name=”:1″ /> |
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# The first |
# The first red blood cell in the process of erythropoiesis is the [[pronormoblast]] (also commonly called a proerythroblast or a rubriblast). These are the largest of all the red blood cell precursors as the following cells decrease in size due to mitosis.<ref name=”:2″ /> |
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# The pronormoblast becomes the basophilic or early normoblast (also commonly called an erythroblast).<ref name=”:1″ /> |
# The pronormoblast becomes the basophilic or early normoblast (also commonly called an erythroblast).<ref name=”:1″ /> |
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# The basopihilic normoblast becomes the polychromatophilic or intermediate normoblast.<ref name=”:1″ /> |
# The basopihilic normoblast becomes the polychromatophilic or intermediate normoblast.<ref name=”:1″ /> |
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# last stage of division leads to the formation of the orthochromatic or late normoblast. |
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# [[reticulocyte]]. (These cells still contain RNA and are also called “immature red blood cells”) |
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The cell is released from the bone marrow after Stage |
The cell is released from the bone marrow after Stage , and so in newly circulating red blood cells there are about 1% reticulocytes. After one to two days, these ultimately become “erythrocytes” or mature red blood cells. |
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These stages correspond to specific appearances of the cell when stained with [[Wright’s stain]] and examined by light microscopy, and correspond to other biochemical changes. |
These stages correspond to specific appearances of the cell when stained with [[Wright’s stain]] and examined by light microscopy, and correspond to other biochemical changes. |
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Latest revision as of 06:43, 18 October 2025
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Erythrocyte differentiation
In the process of red blood cell maturation, a cell undergoes a series of differentiations. The following stages of development all occur within the bone marrow:
- The process begins with a hemocytoblast, also known as a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell. These cells regenerate independently, and the process at which they decide to commit to becoming a red blood cell over another type of blood cell is thought to be regulated by transcription factors that activate the genes necessary to become a red blood cell.[1]
- The hemocytoblast then becomes a multipotent progenitor cell.[2]
- The multipotent progenitor cell can either become a common myeloid progenitor (CMP) or a common lymphoid progenitor (CLP). CMPs are the cells that go on to become red blood cells as well as platelets, macrophages, monocytes, and granulocytes.[2]
- The common myeloid progenitor becomes a megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor (MEP), which is the cell line that goes on to become red blood cells or platelets.[2]
- The first red blood cell precursor in the process of erythropoiesis is the pronormoblast (also commonly called a proerythroblast or a rubriblast). These are the largest of all the red blood cell precursors as the following cells decrease in size due to mitosis.[1]
- The pronormoblast becomes the basophilic or early normoblast (also commonly called an erythroblast).[2]
- The basopihilic normoblast becomes the polychromatophilic or intermediate normoblast.[2]
- This step marks the last stage of division, which leads to the formation of the orthochromatic or late normoblast. [2]
- At this stage the nucleus is expelled to form the reticulocyte.[2] (These cells still contain RNA and are also called “immature red blood cells”)
The cell is released from the bone marrow after Stage 8, and so in newly circulating red blood cells there are about 1% reticulocytes. After one to two days, these ultimately become “erythrocytes” or mature red blood cells.
These stages correspond to specific appearances of the cell when stained with Wright’s stain and examined by light microscopy, and correspond to other biochemical changes.
In the process of maturation, a basophilic pronormoblast is converted from a cell with a large nucleus and a volume of 900 fL to an enucleated disc with a volume of 95 fL. By the reticulocyte stage, the cell has extruded its nucleus, but is still capable of producing hemoglobin.
Essential for the maturation of red blood cells are Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and Vitamin B9 (folate). Cobalamin and folate are necessary for DNA synthesis, and deficiencies in either can impede mitosis, thus causing maturation failure in the process of erythropoiesis.[3] This can lead to macrocytosis, where red blood cells are larger in size than average, or have an MCV greater than 100 fL.[3] This also manifests clinically as reticulocytopenia, an abnormally low amount of reticulocytes.
- ^ a b Kaushansky, Kenneth; Prchal, Josef T.; Bruns, Linda J.; Lichtman, Marshall A.; Levi, Marcel; Linch, David C., eds. (2021). Williams hematology. McGraw-Hill’s AccessMedicine (Tenth edition ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-1-260-46412-2.
- ^ a b c d e f g McPherson, Richard A.; Pincus, Matthew R., eds. (2022). Henry’s clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods (24. edition ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-67320-4.
- ^ a b Longo, Dan L.; Fauci, Anthony S.; Kasper, Dennis L.; Hauser, Stephen L.; Jameson, J. Larry; Loscalzo, Joseph; Holland, Steven M.; Langford, Carol, eds. (2025). Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. McGraw-Hill’s AccessMedicine (22nd edition ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-1-265-97931-7.
