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== Carolingian conquest == |
== Carolingian conquest == |
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The [[Franks]], led by [[Charles Martel]], halted Arab expansion at the [[Battle of Tours]] (732). The Frankish rulers then began to establish a buffer zone south of the [[Pyrenees]] known as the [[Marca Hispanica|Spanish March]]. Although often described as a single political entity, the March consisted of several independent counties rather than a unified territory governed by a marquess. |
The [[Franks]], led by [[Charles Martel]], halted Arab expansion at the [[Battle of Tours]] (732). The Frankish rulers then began to establish a buffer zone south of the [[Pyrenees]] known as the [[Marca Hispanica|Spanish March]]. Although often described as a single political entity, the March consisted of several independent counties rather than a unified territory governed by a marquess. |
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Frankish campaigns in the eastern Pyrenees proved more successful than those in the west. |
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Revision as of 08:43, 4 February 2026
The Middle Ages in the Catalan Countries is the historical period during which the Catalan Countries progressively developed a distinct legal and political identity linked to a specific geographic context. It is also the period in which Catalan emerged as a language differentiated from Latin and other Romance languages, and reached a high point as a literary and official language in both the Catalan counties and the Crown of Aragon.
Muslim invasion
In the spring of 713, Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, son of Musa ibn Nusayr, governor of Kairouan, signed a capitulation pact with the noble Theodemir (the Treaty of Theodemir), by which Theodemir recognized Islamic sovereignty and became administrator of a large territory covering the basins of the Segura River and the Vinalopó, the future Tudmir centered on Orihuela. This event is commonly regarded as the starting point for the Islamization of the Sharq al-Andalus along the Iberian Mediterranean coast.[1]
After the Umayyad conquest of Hispania, the region became a province dependent on the Umayyad Caliphate. Governors established their capital in Córdoba, received the title of Wali from the caliph in Damascus, and launched raids northward, including the invasion of Gaul. Muslim settlers were initially few in number and concentrated in major fortresses, leaving large rural areas loosely administered. [2]
Carolingian conquest
The Franks, led by Charles Martel, halted Arab expansion at the Battle of Tours (732). The Frankish rulers then began to establish a buffer zone south of the Pyrenees known as the Spanish March. Although often described as a single political entity, the March consisted of several independent counties rather than a unified territory governed by a marquess.
Frankish campaigns in the eastern Pyrenees proved more successful than those in the west.
