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{{Short description|Field in medicine for disabilities in the rectum}} |
{{Short description|Field in medicine for disabilities in the rectum}} |
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[[Image:Anorectum-en.svg|thumb]] |
[[Image:Anorectum-en.svg|thumb]] |
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”’Colorectal surgery”’ is a field in medicine dealing with disorders of the [[rectum]], [[Human anus|anus]], and [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Colon and Rectal Surgery Specialty Description | publisher = American Medical Association | url = https://www.ama-assn.org/specialty/colon-and-rectal-surgery-specialty-description | access-date = 22 May 2020}}</ref> The field is also known as ”’proctology”’, but this term is now used infrequently within medicine and is most often employed to identify practices relating to the anus and rectum in particular. |
”’Colorectal surgery”’ is a field in medicine dealing with disorders of the [[rectum]], [[Human anus|anus]], and [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Colon and Rectal Surgery Specialty Description | publisher = American Medical Association | url = https://www.ama-assn.org/specialty/colon-and-rectal-surgery-specialty-description | access-date = 22 May 2020}}</ref> The field is also known as ”’proctology”’, but this term is now used infrequently within medicine and is most often employed to identify practices relating to the anus and rectum in particular. The word ”proctology” is derived from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] words {{lang|grc|πρωκτός}} {{Transliteration|grc|proktos}}, meaning “anus” or “hindparts”, and {{lang|grc|-λογία}} {{Transliteration|grc|[[wiktionary:-logia|-logia]]}}, meaning “science” or “study”. |
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Physicians specializing in this field of medicine are called colorectal surgeons or proctologists. In the United States, to become colorectal surgeons, surgical doctors have to complete a general surgery residency as well as a colorectal surgery fellowship, upon which they are eligible to be certified in their field of expertise by the [[American Board of Colon and Rectal Surgery]] or the [[American Osteopathic Board of Proctology]]. In other countries, [[certification]] to practice proctology is given to surgeons at the end of a 2–3 year subspecialty [[Residency (medicine)|residency]] by the country’s board of surgery. |
Physicians specializing in this field of medicine are called colorectal surgeons or proctologists. In the United States, to become colorectal surgeons, surgical doctors have to complete a general surgery residency as well as a colorectal surgery fellowship, upon which they are eligible to be certified in their field of expertise by the [[American Board of Colon and Rectal Surgery]] or the [[American Osteopathic Board of Proctology]]. In other countries, [[certification]] to practice proctology is given to surgeons at the end of a 2–3 year subspecialty [[Residency (medicine)|residency]] by the country’s board of surgery. |
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Latest revision as of 17:56, 22 January 2026
Field in medicine for disabilities in the rectum
Colorectal surgery is a field in medicine dealing with disorders of the rectum, anus, and colon.[1] The field is also known as proctology, but this term is now used infrequently within medicine and is most often employed to identify practices relating to the anus and rectum in particular. The word proctology is derived from the Greek words πρωκτός proktos, meaning “anus” or “hindparts”, and -λογία -logia, meaning “science” or “study”.
Physicians specializing in this field of medicine are called colorectal surgeons or proctologists. In the United States, to become colorectal surgeons, surgical doctors have to complete a general surgery residency as well as a colorectal surgery fellowship, upon which they are eligible to be certified in their field of expertise by the American Board of Colon and Rectal Surgery or the American Osteopathic Board of Proctology. In other countries, certification to practice proctology is given to surgeons at the end of a 2–3 year subspecialty residency by the country’s board of surgery.
Scope of the specialty
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Colorectal surgical disorders include:[2]
Surgical treatment and diagnostic procedures
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Surgical forms of treatment for these conditions include: colectomy, ileo/colostomy, polypectomy, strictureplasty, hemorrhoidectomy (in severe cases of hemorrhoids), minimally invasive surgery, anoplasty, and more depending on the condition the patient has. Diagnostic procedures, such as a colonoscopy, are very important in colorectal surgery, as they can tell the physician what type of diagnosis should be given and what procedure should be done to correct the condition. Other diagnostic procedures used by colorectal surgeons include: proctoscopy, defecating proctography, sigmoidoscopy. In recent times, the laparoscopic method of surgery has seen a surge of popularity, due to its lower risks, decreased recovery time, and smaller, more precise incisions achieved by using laparoscopic instruments.[3]
Mechanical bowel preparation
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Mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) is a procedure lacking evidence in literature,[4] wherein fecal matter is expelled from the bowel lumen prior to surgery, most commonly by using sodium phosphate.[5] However, recent evidence indicates that combining mechanical bowel preparation with oral antibiotics before elective colorectal surgery probably reduces the risk of surgical site infections and anastomotic leakage compared with mechanical preparation alone, without clear effects on mortality, postoperative ileus, or hospital stay.[6]
Early enteral nutrition
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Evidence suggests that initiating enteral nutrition within 24 hours after lower gastrointestinal surgery may reduce hospital stay, though effects on postoperative complications and mortality remain uncertain.[7]
- ^ “Colon and Rectal Surgery Specialty Description”. American Medical Association. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
- ^ “Digestive Tract: Rectal and Colon Diseases and Conditions”. Cleveland Clinic.
- ^ “What is minimally invasive surgery?”. ccalliance.org. 5 October 2018. Retrieved 2019-10-22.
- ^ McCoubrey AS (September 2007). “The use of mechanical bowel preparation in elective colorectal surgery”. Ulster Med J. 76 (3): 127–30. PMC 2075581. PMID 17853636.
- ^ Zmora O; Pikarsky AJ; Wexner SD (October 2001). “Bowel preparation for colorectal surgery”. Dis. Colon Rectum. 44 (10): 1537–49. doi:10.1007/bf02234614. PMID 11598488. S2CID 138004.
- ^ Willis MA, Toews I, Soltau SLV, Kalè JC, Meerpohl JJ, Vilz TO. Preoperative combined mechanical and oral antibiotic bowel preparation for preventing complications in elective colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023;2:CD014909. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD014909.pub2
- ^ Herbert G, Perry R, Andersen HK, Atkinson C, Penfold C, Lewis SJ, Ness AR, Thomas S. Early enteral nutrition within 24 hours of lower gastrointestinal surgery versus later commencement for length of hospital stay and postoperative complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019;7:CD004080. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004080.pub4
