Draft:Caspiconcha: Difference between revisions – Wikipedia

 

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== Description ==

== Description ==

There are currently seven nominal species and one uncertain species of ”Caspiconcha”. These are ”Caspiconcha whithami” ([[type species]]), ”C. major”, ”C. rubani”, ”C. basquensis”, ”C. raukumaraensis”, ”C. lastsamurai”, ”C. yubariensis”, and the uncertain ”Myoconcha aff. transatlantica”.<ref name = “4SPECIES”/>

There are currently seven nominal species and one uncertain species of ”Caspiconcha”. These are ”Caspiconcha whithami” ([[type species]]), ”C. major”, ”C. rubani”, ”C. basquensis”, ”C. raukumaraensis”, ”C. lastsamurai”, ”C. yubariensis”, and the uncertain ”Myoconcha aff. transatlantica”.<ref name = “4SPECIES”/>

=== Anatomy ===

=== Anatomy ===

{{Further|Bivalves}}

{{Further|Bivalves}}

Like other bivalves, the ”Caspiconcha” are molluscs with two [[calcium carbonate]] shell valves, held together by adductor muscles and ligament.<ref name = “MBM”>Gosling, E. (2015). ”Marine Bivalve Molluscs”. Oxford, UK: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 14-16.</ref> The shell is generally wedge or barrel shaped (subtrapezoidal), with some specimen close to a modioliform, or typically “mussel shaped” shell.<ref name = “APP”/> The shells also display age through comarginal growth rings (i.e. radial circles), though these appear to be irregular rather than annual [[growth rings]], at least in some species.<ref name = “4SPECIES”/>

Like other bivalves, the ”Caspiconcha” are molluscs with two [[calcium carbonate]] shell valves, held together by adductor muscles and ligament.<ref name = “MBM”>Gosling, E. (2015). ”Marine Bivalve Molluscs”. Oxford, UK: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 14-16.</ref> The shell is generally wedge or barrel shaped (subtrapezoidal), with some specimen close to a modioliform, or typically “mussel shaped” shell.<ref name = “APP”/> The shells also display age through comarginal growth rings (i.e. radial circles), though these appear to be irregular rather than annual [[growth rings]], at least in some species.<ref name = “4SPECIES”/>

[[File:Bivalve shell shapes.jpg|thumb|left|500px|Some examples of bivalve shell shapes.]]

[[File:Bivalve shell shapes.jpg|thumb|left|500px|Some examples of bivalve shell shapes.]]

ADD IMAGES ANATOMY

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=== Ecology ===

=== Ecology ===

Fossil records dating back to the [[Silurian]], around 444 to 419 million years ago (Ma), include molluscs in chemosynthetic environments. The [[diversity]] and abundance of chemosynthetic molluscs greatly increased during the middle Cenozoic, especially from the Jurassic.<ref name = “APP”/> Chemosymbiotic relationships are mostly found around hydrothermal vents, and include macroanimals in symbiotic relationships with chemosynthetic bacteria. The [[chemolithotrophic]] bacteria utilise [[redox reactions]] of [[hydrogen sulfide]] released from underground vents and volcanoes. The inverterbrate benefits by receiving energy from the bacteria, which in turn makes use of the [[invertebrate]] surface being preferable to [[mineral]] surfaces. Especially important host animals are the large bivals. During the late Jurassic and early Cretaceous, this [[ecological niche]] is believed to have been occupied by members of the ”Caspiconcha” genus.<ref name = VSB”>Kiel, S. (2010). ”The Vent and Seep Biota: Aspects from Microbes to Ecosystems”. Springer: Topics in Biology, vol 33.</ref><ref name = “APP”/>

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== Evolution ==

== Evolution ==

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[[File:Mollweide Paleographic Map of Earth, 120 Ma (Aptian Age).png|500px|right]]

[[File:Mollweide Paleographic Map of Earth, 120 Ma (Aptian Age).png|500px|right]]

During the latter half of the Mesozoic, the [[supercontinent]] [[Pangaea]] was breaking apart.

During the latter half of the Mesozoic, the [[supercontinent]] [[Pangaea]] was breaking apart.

Caspiconcha (ˌkæspiˈkɒŋkə) is an extinct genus of bivalve that lived in marine settings during the Late Mesozoic. The Caspiconcha molluscs lived in methane seeps in the deep ocean, for example near hydrothermal vents. Fauna living in these extreme environments commonly rely on a symbiotic relationship with chemosynthetic bacteria.^[1][2]

There are currently seven nominal species and one uncertain species of Caspiconcha. These are Caspiconcha whithami (type species), C. major, C. rubani, C. basquensis, C. raukumaraensis, C. lastsamurai, C. yubariensis, and the uncertain Myoconcha aff. transatlantica.^[1]

Like other bivalves, the Caspiconcha are molluscs with two calcium carbonate shell valves, held together by adductor muscles and ligament.^[3] The shell is generally wedge or barrel shaped (subtrapezoidal), with some specimen close to a modioliform, or typically “mussel shaped” shell.^[2] The shells also display age through comarginal growth rings (i.e. radial circles), though these appear to be irregular rather than annual growth rings, at least in some species.^[1] Shell sizes are measured in height from the hinge line to the margin, with its length perpendicular to it. The width is then measured from the floor to its highest side.^[3]

ADD IMAGES ANATOMY

Among different Capsiconcha species, the anterior margin may be more rounded or more elongate. Prominent anterior muscle scars may be present.^[1]

Fossil records dating back to the Silurian, around 444 to 419 million years ago (Ma), include molluscs in chemosynthetic environments. The diversity and abundance of chemosynthetic molluscs greatly increased during the middle Cenozoic, especially from the Jurassic.^[2] Chemosymbiotic relationships are mostly found around hydrothermal vents, and include macroanimals in symbiotic relationships with chemosynthetic bacteria. The chemolithotrophic bacteria utilise redox reactions of hydrogen sulfide released from underground vents and volcanoes. The inverterbrate benefits by receiving energy from the bacteria, which in turn makes use of the invertebrate surface being preferable to mineral surfaces. Especially important host animals are the large bivals. During the late Jurassic and early Cretaceous, this ecological niche is believed to have been occupied by members of the Caspiconcha genus.^[4][2]

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Caspiconcha specimen have been found in the fossil record in the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and prehistoric Tethys Ocean, and in both the northern and southern hemispheres. Notable finding sites include East Greenland, the Basque country in northern Spain, the Raukumara peninsula of New Zealand, Hokkaido in northern Japan, and southeast Ukraine.^[5]

During the latter half of the Mesozoic, the supercontinent Pangaea was breaking apart, beginning to form the modern continents and oceans. One of these major changes was the formation of the Atlantic Ocean, one of the finding locals for Caspiconcha fossils.