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[[Chileans|Chilean]] miners were among the first to respond to the [[California Gold Rush]] whith the first group arriving by sea in 1848.<ref name=BrandsChile>{{harvb|Brands|2002|pp=[https://archive.org/details/ageofgoldcalifor00bran/page/48 48–53]}}</ref><ref name=”Starr48″>{{harvb|Starr|Orsi|2000|pp=50–54}}</ref> Chileans came mainly from mining districts in northern Chile.<ref name=Starr49note>{{harvb|Starr|Orsi|2000|pp=57–61}} Other estimates range from 70,000 to 90,000 arrivals during 1849 (ibid. p. 57).</ref>{{sfnb|Johnson|2001|p=[https://archive.org/details/roaringcamp00susa/page/59 p. 59]}} Among the Chileans who embarked to California was [[Vicente Pérez Rosales]] who wrote extensively about it contrasting aspects of the North American society with the Chilean one.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-6138.html|title=Diario de un viaje a California (1848-1849)|access-date=20 October 2025|website=[[Memoria Chilena]]|publisher=[[National Library of Chile]]|language=Spanish}}</ref> |
[[Chileans|Chilean]] miners were among the first to respond to the [[California Gold Rush]] whith the first group arriving by sea in 1848.<ref name=BrandsChile>{{harvb|Brands|2002|pp=[https://archive.org/details/ageofgoldcalifor00bran/page/48 48–53]}}</ref><ref name=”Starr48″>{{harvb|Starr|Orsi|2000|pp=50–54}}</ref> Chileans came mainly from mining districts in northern Chile.<ref name=Starr49note>{{harvb|Starr|Orsi|2000|pp=57–61}} Other estimates range from 70,000 to 90,000 arrivals during 1849 (ibid. p. 57).</ref>{{sfnb|Johnson|2001|p=[https://archive.org/details/roaringcamp00susa/page/59 p. 59]}} Among the Chileans who embarked to California was [[Vicente Pérez Rosales]] who wrote extensively about it contrasting aspects of the North American society with the Chilean one.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-6138.html|title=Diario de un viaje a California (1848-1849)|access-date=20 October 2025|website=[[Memoria Chilena]]|publisher=[[National Library of Chile]]|language=Spanish}}</ref> |
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After the initial boom had ended Chileans were among the groups that suffered explicitly anti-foreign and racist attacks, laws and confiscatory taxes sought to drive out foreigners—in addition to Native Americans—from the mines.<ref name=”Out of”>{{harvb|Faragher|2006|p=411}}</ref><ref name=StarrRace>{{harvb|Starr|Orsi|2000|pp=56–79}}</ref> There are records of Chileans resisting this treatment both by legal means and by the use of violence.<ref name=biob/> |
After the initial boom had ended Chileans were among the groups that suffered explicitly anti-foreign and racist attacks, laws and confiscatory taxes sought to drive out foreigners—in addition to Native Americans—from the mines.<ref name=”Out of”>{{harvb|Faragher|2006|p=411}}</ref><ref name=StarrRace>{{harvb|Starr|Orsi|2000|pp=56–79}}</ref> There are records of Chileans resisting this treatment both by legal means and by the use of violence.<ref name=biob/> , .<ref>{{Cite |title= California |last= |first= |= |= |=-|=}}</ref> |
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In January 1850 Chileans who had attacked in retaliation a mining camp in [[Calaveras]] causing the death of two miners were serverily punished, three were executed, nine received 100 lashes each and one was [[Cropping (punishment)|cropped]].<ref name=biob>{{Cite news |title=Linchamentos y cortes de oreja: choza simboliza el cruel trato a inmigrantes chilenos en California |last=Lara |first=Emilio |date=2020-04-16 |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/sociedad/historia/2020/04/16/linchamentos-y-cortes-de-oreja-choza-simboliza-el-cruel-trato-a-inmigrantes-chilenos-en-california.shtml |access-date=2025-11-12 |work=[[Radio BÃo-BÃo]] |language=es}}</ref> The severity of these punishment stand out as corporal punishment including maiming were otherwise in decline in the Western world.<ref name=biob/> |
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Some Chileans resisted the initial wave of racism and became established settlers opening new mines like [[Black Diamind Mine]] in 1856.{{Cite journal |title=Acculturation of Chilean Miners in the Sierra Nevada, Alta California |journal=California Archaeology |url= |volume=6 |issue=1|pages=47-64 |doi=10.1179/1947461X14Z.00000000025}}
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Some Chileans resisted the initial wave of racism and became established settlers opening new mines like [[Black Diamind Mine]] in 1856.{{Cite journal |title=Acculturation of Chilean Miners in the Sierra Nevada, Alta California |journal=California Archaeology |url= |volume=6 |issue=1|pages=47-64 |doi=10.1179/1947461X14Z.00000000025}}
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Chilean silver rush]] (1832–1850) |
*[[Chilean silver rush]] (1832–1850) |
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*[[Chilean wheat cycle|Second Chilean wheat cycle]] ( |
*[[Chilean wheat cycle|Second Chilean wheat cycle]] () |
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*[[Joaquin Murrieta]] |
*[[Joaquin Murrieta]] |
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Latest revision as of 16:09, 13 November 2025
Chilean miners were among the first to respond to the California Gold Rush whith the first group arriving by sea in 1848.[1][2] Chileans came mainly from mining districts in northern Chile.[3] Among the Chileans who embarked to California was Vicente Pérez Rosales who wrote extensively about it contrasting aspects of the North American society with the Chilean one.[5]
After the initial boom had ended Chileans were among the groups that suffered explicitly anti-foreign and racist attacks, laws and confiscatory taxes sought to drive out foreigners—in addition to Native Americans—from the mines.[6][7] There are records of Chileans resisting this treatment both by legal means and by the use of violence.[8] Spanish-speaking miners, including Peruvians and Mexicans tended to group together and commonly Chileans took leadership positions in these groups, specially when they had to confront groups of “Anglo” miners.[9]
In January 1850 Chileans who had attacked in retaliation a mining camp in Calaveras causing the death of two miners were serverily punished, three were executed, nine received 100 lashes each and one was cropped.[8] The severity of these punishment stand out as corporal punishment including maiming were otherwise in decline in the Western world.[8]
Some Chileans resisted the initial wave of racism and became established settlers opening new mines like Black Diamind Mine in 1856.[10]
- ^ Brands (2002), pp. 48–53
- ^ Starr & Orsi (2000), pp. 50–54
- ^ Starr & Orsi (2000), pp. 57–61 Other estimates range from 70,000 to 90,000 arrivals during 1849 (ibid. p. 57).
- ^ “Diario de un viaje a California (1848-1849)”. Memoria Chilena (in Spanish). National Library of Chile. Retrieved 20 October 2025.
- ^ Faragher (2006), p. 411
- ^ Starr & Orsi (2000), pp. 56–79
- ^ a b c Lara, Emilio (2020-04-16). “Linchamentos y cortes de oreja: choza simboliza el cruel trato a inmigrantes chilenos en California”. Radio BÃo-BÃo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2025-11-12.
- ^ Nasatir, Abraham P. (1974). “Chileans in California during the Gold Rush Period and the Establishment of the Chilean Consulate”. California Historical Quarterly. 53 (1): 52–70.
- ^ “Acculturation of Chilean Miners in the Sierra Nevada, Alta California”. California Archaeology. 6 (1): 47–64. 2014. doi:10.1179/1947461X14Z.00000000025.
