Kratošija: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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Later, historical records and rare surviving vines of the same variety were discovered in [[Croatia]], under the name [[Crljenak Kaštelanski]].<ref name=”maletic2004″>{{cite journal |last1=Maletić |first1=E. |last2=Pejić |first2=P. |last3=Karoglan Kontić |first3=J. |last4=Preiner |first4=D. |last5=Kozina |first5=B. |last6=Meredith |first6=Carole P. |title=Zinfandel, Dobričić, and Plavac mali: The genetic relationship among three cultivars of the Dalmatian Coast of Croatia |journal=American Journal of Enology and Viticulture |volume=55 |issue=2 |year=2004 |pages=174–180 |doi=10.5344/ajev.2004.55.2.174}}</ref>

More recently, the first molecular analysis of Kratošija confirmed that it has the same genotype.<ref name=”calo2008″>{{cite journal |last1=Calò |first1=Antonio |last2=Costacurta |first2=Angelo |last3=Maraš |first3=Vesna |last4=Meneghetti |first4=Stefano |last5=Crespan |first5=Manna |title=Molecular correlation of Zinfandel (Primitivo) with Austrian, Croatian, and Hungarian cultivars and Kratošija, an additional synonym |journal=American Journal of Enology and Viticulture |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=121–127 |year=2008 |doi=10.5344/ajev.2008.59.2.205 |url=https://www.ajevonline.org/content/59/2/121 |access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref>

== Origin ==

“All authors from the former [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], of which [[Montenegro]] was a part until June 1991 — Stojanović (1929),<ref name=”stojanovic1929″>{{cite book |last=Stojanović |first=Milutin |title=Novo vinogradarstvo |location=Beograd |publisher=Štamparija “Sv. Sava” |year=1929 |pages=262 |language=sr}}</ref>, Bulić ( 1949),<ref name=”bulic1949″>{{cite book |last=Bulić |first=Šime |title=Dalmatinska ampelografija |location=Zagreb |publisher=Poljoprivredni nakladni zavod |year=1949 |pages=1–415 |language=hr}}</ref>, Ulićević (1959),<ref name=”ulicevic1959″>{{cite journal |last=Ulićević |first=M. |title=Contribution to the zoning of viticulture in Montenegro |journal=Naša poljoprivreda i šumarstvo |issue=2/V |year=1959 |language=sr}}</ref> Ulićević (1966),<ref name=”ulicevic1966″>{{cite journal |last=Ulićević |first=M. |title=Contribution to the properties research of the most important grapevine varieties cultivated in federal Republic Montenegro |journal=Archive of Agricultural Sciences |volume=X |issue=23 |pages=1–100 |year=1966 |language=sr}}</ref> Nastev (1967),<ref name=”nastev1967″>{{cite book |last=Nastev |first=D. |title=Specijalno lozarstvo (Particular viticulture) |location=Skopje |year=1967 |language=mk}}</ref> Ćetković (1978),<ref name=”cetkovic1978″>{{cite thesis |last=Ćetković |first=V. |title=Uticaj đubrenja i navodnjavanja na biološke osobine i prinos grožđa sorte Kratošija u ekološkim uslovima Titograda |type=Doctoral dissertation |publisher=University of Sarajevo |year=1978 |language=sr}}</ref> Zirojević (1979),<ref name=”zirojevic1979″>{{cite book |last=Zirojević |first=D. |title=Poznavanje sorata vinove loze (”Grapevine varieties knowledge”) |location=Belgrade |year=1979 |language=sr}}</ref> Avramov (1988),<ref name=”avramov1988″>{{cite book |last=Avramov |first=L. |title=Savremeno gajenje vinove loze |publisher=Nolit |location=Belgrade |year=1988 |language=sr}}</ref> Pejović (1988),<ref name=”pejovic1988″>{{cite journal |last=Pejović |first=Lj. |title=Ampelographic studies of the Kratošija variety |journal=Yugoslav Viticulture and Winemaking |issue=3–4 |year=1988 |language=sr}}</ref> Burić (1995),<ref name=”buric1995″>{{cite book |last=Burić |first=Dragutin |title=Savremeno vinogradarstvo (Contemporary viticulture) |publisher=Nolit |location=Belgrade |year=1995 |language=sr}}</ref> Božinovik (1996),<ref name=”bozinovik1996″>{{cite book |last=Božinovik |first=Zoran |title=Ampelografija |location=Skopje |publisher=Agencija Akademik |year=1996 |language=mk}}</ref> Maraš (2000),<ref name=”maras2000″>{{cite thesis |last=Maraš |first=V. |title=Ampelographic characteristics of the grapevine variety Kratošija in Montenegro |type=Doctoral dissertation |publisher=Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade |location=Zemun–Belgrade |year=2000 |language=sr}}</ref> Maraš et al. (2004),<ref name=”maras2004″>{{cite journal |last1=Maraš |first1=V. |last2=Milutinović |first2=M. |last3=Pejović |first3=Lj. |title=Variability in the autochthonous grapevine variety Kratošija |journal=Acta Horticulturae |volume=640 |pages=237–241 |year=2004 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.640.32}}</ref> and Milosavljević (2008)<ref name=”milosavljevic2008″>{{cite book |last=Milosavljević |first=M. |title=Biotehnika vinove loze |publisher=Institut za istraživanja u poljoprivredi Srbija, Draganić |location=Belgrade–Zemun |year=2008 |language=sr}}</ref> — identify the varieties [[Vranac]] and Kratošija as Montenegrin indigenous grapevine varieties.”

Furthermore, they emphasize that [[Vranac]] and Kratošija were cultivated exclusively in [[Montenegro]], from where they spread to [[North Macedonia]]<ref name=”nastev1967″ /> and [[Dalmatia]]<ref name=”bulic1949″ />, as well as to other countries of the former Yugoslavia.<ref name=”maras2014″ /><ref name=”jansis2021″>{{cite web |last=Robinson |first=Jancis |title=Kratošija – Description |website=Terroirs du Monde Education |year=2021 |url=https://www.terroirsdumondeeducation.com/article-sur-le-pays/kratoscaronija-description/ |language=en |access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref>

According to Ulićević (1959),<ref name=”ulicevic1959″ /> Kratošija dominates in Montenegrin [[vineyards]] older than 70 years and often represents 90% of the assortment, making it the main and probably the oldest Montenegrin grapevine variety. Ulićević stated that the Californian [[Zinfandel]] is identical to Kratošija and that [[Zinfandel]] probably originated in [[Montenegro]], from where it was brought by Montenegrin emigrants.<ref name=”maras2015″>{{cite journal |last1=Maraš |first1=V. |last2=Popović |first2=T. |last3=Gazivoda |first3=A. |last4=Raičević |first4=J. |last5=Kodžulović |first5=V. |last6=Mugoša |first6=M. |last7=Šućur |first7=S. |title=Origin and characterization of Montenegrin grapevine varieties |journal=Vitis |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |year=2015 |doi=10.5073/vitis.2015.54.1-6 |doi-broken-date=19 September 2025 }}</ref>

The Dalmatian [[ampelographer]]<ref name=”bulic1949″ /> described ‘Kratošija’ (also noting its synonyms: ‘Gartošija’, ‘Grakošija’, ‘Kratkošija’) in nine municipalities of the Montenegrin coast ([[Budva]], [[Grbalj]], [[Luštica]], [[Krtole]], [[Kotor]], [[Paštrovići]], [[Prčanj]], [[Tivat]], [[Herceg Novi]]). He also stated that this variety was rarely found in [[Dalmatia]] and that it most likely originated in [[Montenegro]].<ref name=”maras2015″ />

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|website=Montenegrina.net

|language=it

|access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref> dating from 1442, which testifies to the importance of grapevine cultivation in [[Montenegro]] during the Middle Ages. The statute, dating between 1426 and 1442, mentions the significance of certain grapevine varieties for local wine production, such as the variety “Cratosia”, which most likely represents the name for what is today known as Kratošija (meaning “short neck” in Montenegrin).<ref name=”ljubic1882″>{{cite book

|last=Ljubić |first=Simeon

|title=Statuta et leges civitatis Buduae, civitatis Scardonae, et civitatis et insulae Lesinae

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== Wine characteristics ==

[[Wines]] made from Kratošija are dark ruby-red in color, with pronounced aromas of black and red berries ([[blackberry]], [[blackcurrant]], [[sour cherry]]),

spicy notes ([[clove]], [[pepper]], [[liquorice]]), and often subtle tones of [[chocolate]], [[coffee]], and [[vanilla]], especially when aged in oak [[barrels]].

The wines are harmonious, with pronounced but soft [[tannins]], well-balanced freshness, and a long finish.

Due to their high aging potential, wines made from Kratošija can mature for many years, developing additional complexity and elegance.<ref name=”savic2011″>{{cite journal |last=Savić |first=S. |title=Ampelographic, agro-biological and economic-technological features of the autochthonous Montenegrin wine cultivar called Kratošija |journal=Journal of Agricultural Sciences |year=2011 |language=sr}}</ref>

== Importance for Montenegrin viticulture ==

Research on the Kratošija variety represents a significant contribution to the scientific community, as it confirms that [[Montenegro]] is not only the guardian of a unique genetic heritage of the [[grapevine]] (”[[Vitis vinifera]]”),

but also a potentially key area when it comes to the origin of the variety Kratošija .

Variety of grape

Red wine grape variety from Montenegro

Kratošija is an indigenous Montenegrin variety of grapevine (Vitis vinifera), also known as Zinfandel in California, Primitivo in Italy, and Tribidrag or Crljenak Kaštelanski in Croatia.

This variety has been cultivated for centuries across the Western Balkans. Scientific studies and historical sources suggest that Montenegro is most likely the primary center of origin and genetic diversity for this grape variety.^[1]

Although its origin had long been a subject of debate, modern discoveries have gradually changed the original assumptions. It was initially believed that the variety originated in the United States and later arrived in Italy.^[2]

Later, historical records and rare surviving vines of the same variety were discovered in Croatia, under the name Crljenak Kaštelanski.^[3]

More recently, the first molecular analysis of Kratošija confirmed that it has the same genotype.^[4]

“All authors from the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, of which Montenegro was a part until June 1991 — Stojanović (1929),^[5], Bulić ( 1949),^[6], Ulićević (1959),^[7] Ulićević (1966),^[8] Nastev (1967),^[9] Ćetković (1978),^[10] Zirojević (1979),^[11] Avramov (1988),^[12] Pejović (1988),^[13] Burić (1995),^[14] Božinovik (1996),^[15] Maraš (2000),^[16] Maraš et al. (2004),^[17] and Milosavljević (2008)^[18] — identify the varieties Vranac and Kratošija as Montenegrin indigenous grapevine varieties.”

Furthermore, they emphasize that Vranac and Kratošija were cultivated exclusively in Montenegro, from where they spread to North Macedonia^[9] and Dalmatia^[6], as well as to other countries of the former Yugoslavia.^[1]^[19]

According to Ulićević (1959),^[7] Kratošija dominates in Montenegrin vineyards older than 70 years and often represents 90% of the assortment, making it the main and probably the oldest Montenegrin grapevine variety. Ulićević stated that the Californian Zinfandel is identical to Kratošija and that Zinfandel probably originated in Montenegro, from where it was brought by Montenegrin emigrants.^[20]

The Dalmatian ampelographer^[6] described ‘Kratošija’ (also noting its synonyms: ‘Gartošija’, ‘Grakošija’, ‘Kratkošija’) in nine municipalities of the Montenegrin coast (Budva, Grbalj, Luštica, Krtole, Kotor, Paštrovići, Prčanj, Tivat, Herceg Novi). He also stated that this variety was rarely found in Dalmatia and that it most likely originated in Montenegro.^[20]

This can also be confirmed by the fact that by 2001 only about twenty living vines of the ‘Crljenak Kaštelanski’ variety (‘Kratošija’ / ‘Primitivo’ / ‘Zinfandel’) had been discovered in Dalmatia (Maletić et al., 2009),^[21] confirming that this variety was not widely spread in Dalmatia during the 19th and 20th centuries (Savić, 2003).^[22]^[20]

The ancient cultivation of Kratošija in Montenegro is also confirmed by the high heterogeneity of its population, which has been described and studied by numerous authors.^[23]^[5]^[6]^[24]^[7]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17] These works describe the variability within the Kratošija grape population and the differentiation of specific biotypes within it.
An analysis of 15 biotypes of Kratošija confirmed that all 15 (Bikača, Crni Krstač, Kratošija or Vran, Kratošija Mala, Kratošija with deep sinus, Kratošija Srednja, Kutica, Rehuljača, Srednji Vranac, Velji Vranac, Vranac, Vran, Vrančić, Vrančina) share the same genotype as the Kratošija variety. Considering this, along with numerous literary sources, the high heterogeneity of the Kratošija population, and the variability of its biotypes (17 in total), Montenegro emerges as the most likely candidate for the country of origin and the center of distribution of this variety (Maraš et al., 2014).^[1]

From ancient times to the modern era, the Western Balkans has been home to important European civilizations.
The Illyrians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Ottomans, and Austro-Hungarians inhabited this region, encouraging human migrations, the exchange of goods, and the transfer of knowledge between both nearby and distant areas (the Middle East, Dalmatia, Magna Graecia, etc.).^[25]
The first grapevines arrived in the Balkan Peninsula from the east, with the earliest evidence of wine production found in Northern Greece, dating to around 4300 BCE. ^[26]

The Ancient Greeks gradually spread grapevine varieties along the western part of the Balkans and the Adriatic islands by following major trade routes.^[27]^[28]

The production and trade of wine were two important economic activities of the time, as evidenced by relics found in the necropolis of the coastal town of Budva (in present-day Montenegro), dating to the 4th century BCE.^[29]

After the Illyrian Wars, viticultural practices were intensified by the Romans.^[30]
Wine production continued during the Byzantine period, and documents such as theThe Kratošija grape is first mentioned in the Medieval Statute of Budva,^[31] dating from 1442, which testifies to the importance of grapevine cultivation in Montenegro during the Middle Ages. The statute, dating between 1426 and 1442, mentions the significance of certain grapevine varieties for local wine production, such as the variety “Cratosia”, which most likely represents the name for what is today known as Kratošija (meaning “short neck” in Montenegrin).^[32]^[20]

A passage in the same statute (1442) provides the earliest known written mention of Kratošija.^[31]^: 144

We decree that any of our citizens who entrusts a vineyard of Kratošija to be cultivated under a sharecropping arrangement, the tenant shall be obliged by mid-March to plough and dig it, and by mid-May to hoe between the vines and clear the shoots, and by the same month to tie and plough it again. Furthermore, we order that he must plough it a third time by the feast of St. Vitus, and perform the final cultivation by the feast of St. Peter. And if anyone should take a vineyard to work under such an arrangement, he shall be bound to hoe it the first time by March, the second time by May, and of the apples, figs and pears he shall give half to the owner of the vineyard. If any work is needed in the vineyard, he shall carry it out in due season, with posts to be placed as they agree among themselves. Whoever acts contrary shall pay a fine in perperi and forfeit the wine, and every worker shall be bound to cultivate it properly in its season, as written above.

A team of researchers from Montenegro and Spain presented the results of extensive research on the genetic diversity of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) in Montenegro. During the study, samples were collected from different viticultural regions, covering both wild and cultivated grapevine populations.

According to the results, the most common genotype among 419 analyzed grapevine samples in old Montenegrin vineyards corresponded to the Kratošija variety, which was identified in 106 samples. Montenegro showed the highest level of genetic diversity of this variety, with as many as 17 identified biotypes, compared to other regions where the variety is cultivated under different synonyms.^[33]

Parentage and genetic significance

[edit]

Molecular analyses have shown that Kratošija is a parent variety of nearly 20 autochthonous grapevine (Vitis vinifera) varieties that are cultivated today in Montenegro.
Among them is Vranac, one of the most famous and widespread Montenegrin varieties, for which Kratošija has been confirmed as one of the parents.^[33]
In addition to Vranac, the descendants of Kratošija also include: Čubrica, Račeška, Žitkovina, Crni Krst, Crna Loza, Crna Tomba, and other local grapevine varieties.
These findings confirm the central role of Kratošija in shaping the ampelographic landscape of Montenegro.

Ampelographic characteristics

[edit]

In the Kratošija variety, the tip of the young shoot is weakly colored with anthocyanins, with dense prostrate hairs.
The young leaf is bronze-colored, with dense prostrate hairs on the underside.
The mature leaf is pentagonal in shape, five-lobed.
On the upper side of the leaf, the veins have pigmentation only around the petiole, and the petiole sinus is overlapping, in the shape of the letter “U”.
On the underside of the mature leaf, between the veins, medium-dense prostrate hairs are present, while on the primary veins there are strongly expressed dense bristly hairs.
The flower is morphologically and functionally hermaphroditic.
The bunch of Kratošija is large, conical in shape, very compact, with a very short stem.
The berry is medium-sized, oval, and dark blue-black in color.
The flesh of the berry is soft, without a pronounced taste.^[34]

Wine characteristics

[edit]

Wines made from Kratošija are dark ruby-red in color, with pronounced aromas of black and red berries (blackberry, blackcurrant, sour cherry),
spicy notes (clove, pepper, liquorice), and often subtle tones of chocolate, coffee, and vanilla, especially when aged in oak barrels.
The wines are harmonious, with pronounced but soft tannins, well-balanced freshness, and a long finish.
Due to their high aging potential, wines made from Kratošija can mature for many years, developing additional complexity and elegance.^[35]

Importance for Montenegrin viticulture

[edit]

Research on the Kratošija variety represents a significant contribution to the scientific community, as it confirms that Montenegro is not only the guardian of a unique genetic heritage of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera),
but also a potentially key area when it comes to the origin of the variety Kratošija .

^ ^a ^b ^c Maraš, Vesna; Božović, Vladan; Giannetto, Sabrina; Crespan, Manna (2014). “SSR molecular marker analysis of the grapevine germplasm of Montenegro”. Journal International des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin. 48 (2): 87–97. doi:10.20870/oeno-one.2014.48.2.1562.
^ Bowers, J. E.; Bandman, E. B.; Meredith, Carole P. (1993). “DNA fingerprint characterization of some wine grape cultivars”. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 44 (3): 266–274. doi:10.5344/ajev.1993.44.3.266.
^ Maletić, E.; Pejić, P.; Karoglan Kontić, J.; Preiner, D.; Kozina, B.; Meredith, Carole P. (2004). “Zinfandel, Dobričić, and Plavac mali: The genetic relationship among three cultivars of the Dalmatian Coast of Croatia”. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 55 (2): 174–180. doi:10.5344/ajev.2004.55.2.174.
^ Calò, Antonio; Costacurta, Angelo; Maraš, Vesna; Meneghetti, Stefano; Crespan, Manna (2008). “Molecular correlation of Zinfandel (Primitivo) with Austrian, Croatian, and Hungarian cultivars and Kratošija, an additional synonym”. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 59 (2): 121–127. doi:10.5344/ajev.2008.59.2.205. Retrieved 4 September 2025.
^ ^a ^b Stojanović, Milutin (1929). Novo vinogradarstvo (in Serbian). Beograd: Štamparija “Sv. Sava”. p. 262.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bulić, Šime (1949). Dalmatinska ampelografija (in Croatian). Zagreb: Poljoprivredni nakladni zavod. pp. 1–415.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ulićević, M. (1959). “Contribution to the zoning of viticulture in Montenegro”. Naša poljoprivreda i šumarstvo (in Serbian) (2/V).
^ Ulićević, M. (1966). “Contribution to the properties research of the most important grapevine varieties cultivated in federal Republic Montenegro”. Archive of Agricultural Sciences (in Serbian). X (23): 1–100.
^ ^a ^b Nastev, D. (1967). Specijalno lozarstvo (Particular viticulture) (in Macedonian). Skopje.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Ćetković, V. (1978). Uticaj đubrenja i navodnjavanja na biološke osobine i prinos grožđa sorte Kratošija u ekološkim uslovima Titograda (Doctoral dissertation) (in Serbian). University of Sarajevo.
^ Zirojević, D. (1979). Poznavanje sorata vinove loze (Grapevine varieties knowledge) (in Serbian). Belgrade.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ ^a ^b Avramov, L. (1988). Savremeno gajenje vinove loze (in Serbian). Belgrade: Nolit.
^ ^a ^b Pejović, Lj. (1988). “Ampelographic studies of the Kratošija variety”. Yugoslav Viticulture and Winemaking (in Serbian) (3–4).
^ ^a ^b Burić, Dragutin (1995). Savremeno vinogradarstvo (Contemporary viticulture) (in Serbian). Belgrade: Nolit.
^ ^a ^b Božinovik, Zoran (1996). Ampelografija (in Macedonian). Skopje: Agencija Akademik.
^ ^a ^b Maraš, V. (2000). Ampelographic characteristics of the grapevine variety Kratošija in Montenegro (Doctoral dissertation) (in Serbian). Zemun–Belgrade: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade.
^ ^a ^b Maraš, V.; Milutinović, M.; Pejović, Lj. (2004). “Variability in the autochthonous grapevine variety Kratošija”. Acta Horticulturae. 640: 237–241. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.640.32.
^ Milosavljević, M. (2008). Biotehnika vinove loze (in Serbian). Belgrade–Zemun: Institut za istraživanja u poljoprivredi Srbija, Draganić.
^ Robinson, Jancis (2021). “Kratošija – Description”. Terroirs du Monde Education. Retrieved 4 September 2025.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Maraš, V.; Popović, T.; Gazivoda, A.; Raičević, J.; Kodžulović, V.; Mugoša, M.; Šućur, S. (2015). “Origin and characterization of Montenegrin grapevine varieties”. Vitis. 54 (1): 1–6. doi:10.5073/vitis.2015.54.1-6 (inactive 19 September 2025).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2025 (link)
^ Maletić, E.; Pejić, I.; Karoglan Kontić, J. (2009). Plavac Mali – Hrvat (in Croatian). University of Zagreb.
^ Savić, S. (2003). Ekološki uslovi i autohtone sorte vinove loze u Crnoj Gori (in Serbian). Podgorica: Agrokombinat “13. jul” Plantaže.
^ Plamenac, Marko (1891). Grlica (in Serbian). Cetinje: State Printing House.
^ Jelaska, M. (1954). Fundamentals of viticulture at the seacoast (in Croatian). Zagreb.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cvijić, Jovan (1918). “The zones of civilization of the Balkan Peninsula”. Library of Congress. American Geographical Society of New York. Retrieved 13 August 2025.
^ Ramos-Madrigal, Jazmín; Runge, Anne Kathrine Wiborg; Bouby, Laurent; et al. (2019). “Palaeogenomic insights into the origins of French grapevine diversity”. Nature Plants. 5 (6): 595–603. Bibcode:2019NatPl…5..595R. doi:10.1038/s41477-019-0437-5. PMID 31182840.
^ This, P.; Lacombe, T.; Thomas, M. R. (2006). “Historical origins and genetic diversity of wine grapes”. Trends in Genetics. 22 (9): 511–519. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2006.07.008. PMID 16872714.
^ Štajner, Nikola; Maletić, Edi; Vokurka, Antonija; et al. (2014). “Microsatellite inferred genetic diversity and structure of Western Balkan grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.)”. Tree Genetics & Genomes. 10: 127–140. doi:10.1007/s11295-013-0668-1 (inactive 19 September 2025).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2025 (link)
^ Marković, Čedomir (2012). Antička Budva Nekropole Istraživanja 1980–1981 (in Serbian). Podgorica: Matica Crnogorska.
^ Pilipović, S. (2013). “Wine and the vine in Upper Moesia: Archeological and epigraphic evidence”. Balcanica (44): 21–34. doi:10.2298/BALC1344021P.
^ ^a ^b “Medieval Statute of Budva” (PDF). Montenegrina.net (in Italian). Retrieved 22 September 2025.
^ Ljubić, Simeon (1882–1883). Statuta et leges civitatis Buduae, civitatis Scardonae, et civitatis et insulae Lesinae (in Latin). Zagreb: Officina Societatis Typographicae.
^ ^a ^b Maraš, Vesna; Tello, Javier; Gazivoda, Anita; Mugoša, Milena; Perišić, Mirko; Raičević, Jovana; Štajner, Nataša; Ocete, Rafael; Božović, Vladan; Popović, Tatjana; García-Escudero, Enrique; Grbić, Miodrag; Martínez-Zapater, José Miguel; Ibáñez, Javier (2020). “Population genetic analysis in old Montenegrin vineyards reveals ancient ways currently active to generate diversity in Vitis vinifera“. Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 15084. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71837-5 (inactive 19 September 2025).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2025 (link)
^ Maraš, Vesna; Mugoša, Milena; Vujičić, Saša; Raičević, Jovana; Gazivoda, Anita (2021). “Significance of autochthonous and domesticated grapevine varieties for the development of modern viticulture in Montenegro”. Agriculture and Forestry (in Serbian).
^ Savić, S. (2011). “Ampelographic, agro-biological and economic-technological features of the autochthonous Montenegrin wine cultivar called Kratošija”. Journal of Agricultural Sciences (in Serbian).

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Kratošija: Difference between revisions – Wikipedia

Parentage and genetic significance

Ampelographic characteristics

Wine characteristics

Importance for Montenegrin viticulture

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Parentage and genetic significance

Ampelographic characteristics

Wine characteristics

Importance for Montenegrin viticulture

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