==Etymology and history==
==Etymology and history==
It is named for the [[Zapotec peoples|Zapotec]] Indians, who are native to [[Sierra Madre de Oaxaca|the Sierra Madre mountains of Oaxaca Mexico]], as well as the area they inhabited. According to Richard E. Schultes the Zapotec name translates as “Crown of thorns mushroom”.<ref name=”Schultes1993″/> Other sources give the Zapotec name as ”badao zoo” translated as “”hongo borracho””, “drunken mushroom”.<ref name=”Orijel2009″/>
It is named for the [[Zapotec peoples|Zapotec]] , who are native to [[Sierra Madre de Oaxaca|the Sierra Madre mountains of Oaxaca Mexico]], as well as the area they inhabited. According to Richard E. Schultes the Zapotec name translates as “Crown of thorns mushroom”.<ref name=”Schultes1993″/> Other sources give the Zapotec name as ”badao zoo” translated as “”hongo borracho””, “drunken mushroom”.<ref name=”Orijel2009″/>
*1956: Holotype collected August 4, 1956 in [[Santiago Yaitepec]] by [[Roger Heim]] and [[R. Gordon Wasson]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observation 155661: Psilocybe zapotecorum R. Heim |url=https://mushroomobserver.org/observations/155661 |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=mushroomobserver.org}}</ref>
*1956: Holotype collected August 4, 1956 in [[Santiago Yaitepec]] by [[Roger Heim]] and [[R. Gordon Wasson]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observation 155661: Psilocybe zapotecorum R. Heim |url=https://mushroomobserver.org/observations/155661 |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=mushroomobserver.org}}</ref>
*1963: [[Roger Heim]] describes this mushroom in the work “Les Champignons Toxiques et Hallucinogènes.”
*1963: [[Roger Heim]] describes this mushroom in the work “Les Champignons Toxiques et Hallucinogènes.”
*1976: [[Jonathan Ott]] and [[Gaston Guzman]] publish again about the fungus, but describe it as ”Psilocybe candidipes”.
*1976: [[Jonathan Ott]] and [[Gaston Guzman]] publish again about the fungus, but describe it as ”Psilocybe candidipes”.
==Description==
==Description==
Species of fungus
| Psilocybe zapotecorum | |
|---|---|
 |
|
Scientific classification  |
|
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Hymenogastraceae |
| Genus: | Psilocybe |
| Species: |
P. zapotecorum |
| Binomial name | |
| Psilocybe zapotecorum | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
|
Psilocybe candidipes Singer & A.H. Sm. (1958) |
|
Species of fungus
Psilocybe zapotecorum is a psilocybin mushroom which has psilocybin and psilocin as main active compounds. It is in the section Zapotecorum.[1][2]
Etymology and history
[edit]
It is named for the Zapotec Natives, who are native to the Sierra Madre mountains of Oaxaca Mexico, as well as the area they inhabited. According to Richard E. Schultes the Zapotec name translates as “Crown of thorns mushroom”.[3] Other sources give the Zapotec name as badao zoo translated as “hongo borracho“, “drunken mushroom”.[4]
Psilocybe zapotecorum has a farinaceous and raphanoid smell and taste.
The cap is 2–13 cm, conical to convex, and very rarely expanding to plane in age. The margin wavy sometimes with an acute papilla or mamilla, usually umbonate or with a depressed center. In young specimens the margin has a scalloped edge which sometimes curls upwards as the mushroom matures. The cap is yellowish brown to tan, fading to cream-yellow then brown and finally black through age. The flesh is originally white but soon changes to a cyan blue, then quickly to black.
Psilocybe zapotecorum gills are a cream color when young and violet brown in age, with an attachment that is sinuate or adnate, and sometimes subdecurrent.
The spores are dark violet brown, oblong to subellipsoid to subrhomboid, and thin-walled with a short apiculus and truncate germ pore. They measure (5) 6 – 7 (-8) by (3-) 3.5 – 4.5 (-5) x 3 – 4 μm.[1]
The stipe is 3–26 cm long, and 0.5–1 cm thick. It is central, flexuous, cylindric or slightly flattened, and hollow. It can be white to grey, turning yellowish, blue, and black in age. The entire stem is covered with many white scales which are more pronounced in the lower part of the stipe. The partial veil is white and arachnoid, disappearing in age. Often a long pseudorrhiza can be found attached the base of the stipe. Strongly bruising blue then black where damaged.
Distribution and habitat
[edit]
Psilocybe zapotecorum grows solitarily or gregariously, sometimes in cespitose clusters of around a 50 mushrooms. It is found near rivers, creeks and ravines, sometimes growing directly from steep mossy ravine walls. Psilocybe zapotecorum is also found in humid and shadowed places in mesophytic forests, oak-and-pine forests, or cloud forests.
Psilocybe zapotecorum is often found in subtropical forests containing Alnus sp., Magnolia sp., Fraxinus sp., Quercus sp., large pines, and blackberry bushes.
Psilocybe zapotecorum grows in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Guatemala, El Salvador, Venezuela, Nicaragua and Ecuador.[1]
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Psilocybe zapotecorum
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Psilocybe zapotecorum
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Psilocybe zapotecorum
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Psilocybe zapotecorum
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Psilocybe zapotecorum
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Psilocybe zapotecorum
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Psilocybe zapotecorum lamellar trama 1000x
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Psilocybe zapotecorum gill edge 1000x
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Psilocybe zapotecorum spores 1000x
- ^ a b c d Guzmán, Gastón (2012). “New Taxonomical and Ethnomycological Observations on Psilocybe S.S. From Mexico, Africa and Spain” (PDF). Acta Botanica Mexicana. 100: 79–106. doi:10.21829/abm100.2012.32.
- ^ Ramírez-Cruz, Virginia; Guzmán, Gastón; Villalobos-Arámbula, Alma Rosa; Rodríguez, Aarón; Matheny, Brandon; Sánchez-García, Marisol; Guzmán-Dávalos, Laura (2013). “Phylogenetic inference and trait evolution of the psychedelic mushroom genus Psilocybe sensu lato (Agaricales)”. Botany. 91 (9): 573–591. Bibcode:2013Botan..91..573R. doi:10.1139/cjb-2013-0070.
- ^ Schultes, Richard Evans (1993). “The Botanical Sources of New World Narcotics”. In Leary, Timothy; Metzner, Ralph; Weil, Gunther M. (eds.). The Psychedelic Reader: Classic Selections from the Psychedelic Review. Citadel Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8065-1451-2.
- ^ Orijel, Roberto Garibay (2009). “Los nombres zapotecos de los hongos”. Revista Mexicana de Micología Versión Impresa. 30. ISSN 0187-3180.
- ^ “Observation 155661: Psilocybe zapotecorum R. Heim”. mushroomobserver.org. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
- Miller, Dusty Rose; Jacobs, Jordan Taylor; Rockefeller, Alan; Singer, Harte; Bollinger, Ian M.; Conway, James; Slot, Jason C.; Cliffel, David E. (2024-04-05). “Cultivation, chemistry, and genome of Psilocybe zapotecorum”. Journal of Psychedelic Studies. -1 (aop): 63–81. doi:10.1556/2054.2023.00332. ISSN 2559-9283.
- “Sur les Psilocybes hallucinatoires des Aztèques et sur le microendémisme des Agarics utilisés par les Indiens du Mexique à des fins divinatoires”. Revue de Mycologie (in French). 22: 77. 1957. ISSN 0484-8578.
