User:Artemis Andromeda/sandbox/ten: Difference between revisions

On 15 April 1930, Włochy became the seat of a new municipality, named after it, which also included Solipse and Wiktoryn.<ref name=gaw57/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19300270236|title=Rozporządzenie Ministra Spraw Wewnętrznych z dnia 17 marca 1930 r. wydane w porozumieniu z Ministrem Skarbu o utworzeniu gminy wiejskiej “Włochy” w powiecie i województwie warszawskiem.|website=isap.sejm.gov.pl|language=pl}}</ref> On 20 October 1933, the municipality was divided into two [[Gromada|village assemblies]] divided by the railway tracks, with [[Nowe Włochy|Włochy Nowe]] ({{lit|New Włochy}}) in the north, and [[Stare Włochy|Włochy Stare]] ({{lit|Old Włochy}}) in the south.<ref>”[https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/publication//107749/edition/100663 Warszawski Dziennik Wojewódzki: dla obszaru Województwa Warszawskiego]”. Warsaw: Warsaw Voivodeship Office, 1933, no. 14, position. 136. (in Polish)</ref><ref>”[https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/publication//107749/edition/100663 Warszawski Dziennik Wojewódzki : dla obszaru Województwa Warszawskiego]”. Warsaw: Warsaw Voivodeship Office, 1933, no. 17, position. 155. (in Polish)</ref> On 1 April 1939, the municipality was transformed into a town, keeping the name Włochy. It also incorporated some lands from the nearby municipalities of Blizne and Skorosze.<ref name=gaw57/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19390280187|website=isap.sejm.gov.pl|title=Rozporządzenie Ministra Spraw Wewnętrznych z dnia 27 marca 1939 r. o zniesieniu gminy wiejskiej Włochy w powiecie i województwie warszawskim, zaliczeniu jej w poczet miast i rozszerzeniu granic tego miasta.|language=pl}}</ref>

On 15 April 1930, Włochy became the seat of a new municipality, named after it, which also included Solipse and Wiktoryn.<ref name=gaw57/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19300270236|title=Rozporządzenie Ministra Spraw Wewnętrznych z dnia 17 marca 1930 r. wydane w porozumieniu z Ministrem Skarbu o utworzeniu gminy wiejskiej “Włochy” w powiecie i województwie warszawskiem.|website=isap.sejm.gov.pl|language=pl}}</ref> On 20 October 1933, the municipality was divided into two [[Gromada|village assemblies]] divided by the railway tracks, with [[Nowe Włochy|Włochy Nowe]] ({{lit|New Włochy}}) in the north, and [[Stare Włochy|Włochy Stare]] ({{lit|Old Włochy}}) in the south.<ref>”[https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/publication//107749/edition/100663 Warszawski Dziennik Wojewódzki: dla obszaru Województwa Warszawskiego]”. Warsaw: Warsaw Voivodeship Office, 1933, no. 14, position. 136. (in Polish)</ref><ref>”[https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/publication//107749/edition/100663 Warszawski Dziennik Wojewódzki : dla obszaru Województwa Warszawskiego]”. Warsaw: Warsaw Voivodeship Office, 1933, no. 17, position. 155. (in Polish)</ref> On 1 April 1939, the municipality was transformed into a town, keeping the name Włochy. It also incorporated some lands from the nearby municipalities of Blizne and Skorosze.<ref name=gaw57/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19390280187|website=isap.sejm.gov.pl|title=Rozporządzenie Ministra Spraw Wewnętrznych z dnia 27 marca 1939 r. o zniesieniu gminy wiejskiej Włochy w powiecie i województwie warszawskim, zaliczeniu jej w poczet miast i rozszerzeniu granic tego miasta.|language=pl}}</ref>

On 8 September 1939, Włochy was captured by the [[Wehrmacht]] during the [[Invasion of Poland|German invasion of Poland]] in the [[World War II|Second World War]]. Throughout the conflict, German soldiers were stationed in the town. On 15 November 1940, a ghetto was created in Fort V “Włochy”, repurposing abandoned barracks and small shacks in the area. It housed around 300 [[Jews|Jewish people|Jewish]] residents, forcibly relocated there from [[Łomianki]], [[Piastów]], [[Ożarów Mazowiecki]], and Włochy. For comparison, before the war, in 1939, the town had around 100 Jewish inhabitants. The ghetto had poor living conditions and was closed down in February 1941, with its remaining residents being moved to the [[Warsaw Ghetto]]. During its existence, the local government and civilians, led by the mayor Franciszek Kostecki, and the Roman Catholic parish, smuggled around 100 people from the ghetto, giving them new identities with documents made in the town hall. Almost all of those responsible for the operation were arrested on 18 November 1942, and later executed in the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]]. Following the arrest, the local Catholic parish, as well as several household owners, continued to help in hiding Jewish people in the town. The ghetto had poor living conditions, and was closed down in February 1941, with its remaining residents being moved to the [[Warsaw Ghetto]].

On 8 September 1939, Włochy was captured by the [[Wehrmacht]] during the [[Invasion of Poland|German invasion of Poland]] in the [[World War II|Second World War]]. Throughout the conflict, German soldiers were stationed in the town. On 15 November 1940, a ghetto was created in Fort V “Włochy”, repurposing abandoned barracks and small shacks in the area. It housed around 300 [[Jews|Jewish]] residents, forcibly relocated there from [[Łomianki]], [[Piastów]], [[Ożarów Mazowiecki]], and Włochy. For comparison, before the war, in 1939, the town had around 100 Jewish inhabitants. The ghetto had poor living conditions and was closed down in February 1941, with its remaining residents being moved to the [[Warsaw Ghetto]]. During its existence, the local government and civilians, led by the mayor Franciszek Kostecki, and the Roman Catholic parish, smuggled around 100 people from the ghetto, giving them new identities with documents made in the town hall. Almost all of those responsible for the operation were arrested on 18 November 1942, and later executed in the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]]. Following the arrest, the local Catholic parish, as well as several household owners, continued to help in hiding Jewish people in the town. The ghetto had poor living conditions, and was closed down in February 1941, with its remaining residents being moved to the [[Warsaw Ghetto]].

Neighbourhood of Warsaw, Poland

Włochy (Polish: [ˈvwɔ.xɘ̟] ^ⓘ) is a neighbourhood of Warsaw, Poland, within the Włochy district, divided between City Information System areas of Nowe Włochy (lit. ‘New Włochy‘) and Stare Włochy (lit. ‘Old Włochy‘).

In 1395, the village of Sopęchy was first recorded in the area of the modern Budki Szczęśliwickie Street. In 1493, the village of Stojarty was also recorded in the area of modern Wiktoryn Street. They were founded by the Rakowski family of the clan of Radwan, descending from count Gotard of Służew. In the 16th century, Sopęchy became home to the descendants of knight Witek, and eventually was renamed to Witki, while the family adopted the surname Witkowiec. In the 15th century, the villages of Porzucewo and Solipse (then known as Solipsy), were separated from Sopęchy. In 1422, both of them were owned by knight Strachota. In 1452, a portion of Porzucewo was sold to Jan Włoch, with the village eventually being renamed after him. In 1517, it was recorded as Włochy, and in 1523, as Włochy alias Porzucewo. The latter name was eventually completely dropped in the first half of the 16th century. The nearby Solipse were first recorded in 1435, eventually becoming property of the Solipski family.^[1] In the first half of the 17th century, the landed estate of Włochy were acquired by Andrzej Leszczyński, the Grand Chancellor of the Crown and the primate of Poland, who built there his manor house around 1650.^[1] In 1671, it was used as a hideout by Ulrich von Werdum, one of the organisers of a magnate opposition, attempting to nullify the election of Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki as the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. In 1794, it housed Frederick William II, the King of Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg, during his visit to Warsaw.^[1][2] The manor, as well as the village of Sopęchy, were burned down by the Swedish army in 1656, during the Second Northern War, and its area eventually became part of Włochy. The nearby Stojarty was also recorded for the last time in the 17th century.^[1]

In 1795, the estate of Włochy was acquired by count Tadeusz Antoni Mostowski, a politician and statesman, who later would become the Minister of Interior of the Duchy of Warsaw, and the president of the Government Committee of the Interior of the Kingdom of Poland. Around 1800, he founded his residence there and developed a park around it. In 1842, they were redeveloped as a neoclassical palace and an English landscape garden, respectively. The estate was acquired in 1844 by entrepreneur Andrzej Koelichen. The residence was again rebuilt in 1859, with a design by architect Aleksander Zabienowski. It became known as Koelichen Palace.^[2][3] In 1827, Solipse and Włochy had 262 and 81 inhabitants respectively.^[4] In the 19th century, the brickworks developed in the area, with the first factory, owned by the Koelichen family, being opened in 1842.^[4] By the end of the century, a heavy manufacturing industry also developed in the area. In 1845, railway tracks were built passing through the area. In 1859, the Warszawa Włochy station was established for cargo trains, and after 1863, it also opened to passenger service.^[4][5] Following the abolition of serfdom in 1864, the area was incorporated into the municipality of Skorosze.^[6] Between 1883 and 1888, the Fort V “Włochy” was constructed by the Imperial Russian Army, between Salomea and Włochy, as part of the city fortifications, known as the Warsaw Fortress. The government heavily restricted construction in its vicinity, hindering the development of the nearby villages. Following its creation, the government enforced construction restrictions on the surrounding area, hindering the development of nearby villages such as Solipse. The fortifications were retired and partially demolished in 1913.^[7][8] In the 1870s, Włochy had a population of around 160s people, while in the late 1910s, around 500, while Solipse had 214 inhabitants around the year 1800.^[4]

In 1926, the landed estate of Włochy was partitioned and sold off for the development of a residential neighbourhood with villa houses. It was designed as a garden suburb by Franciszek Krzywda-Polkowski and Miłosław Kotyński, with an average plot of land measuring 700 m² (7534.7 sq ft).^[9] The same year, the Włochy Fire Guard, a local fire department, was founded in the same year, and in 1928, the local police station was also opened.^[10][11] Additionally, the garden around the Koelichen Palace was opened to the public as a recreational urban space, known as the Combatants Park in 1928.^[3] The same year, the Przyszłość Włochy sports club was also founded in the village.^[10] In 1930, a wooden chapel was built in Włochy, becoming the seat of the Roman Catholic Parish of Saints Teresa of the Child Jesus and the Roman Martyrs in 1934.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page). In 1931, Włochy had around 1000 members of the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession. Since 1933, it had a chapel in Koelichen Palace, and in 1939, it opened the Church of the Epiphany at 22 Cietrzewia Street, as part of the Parish of the Holy Trinity.^[12]

In 1927, the tracks of the Electric Commuter Railway were constructed passing to the south of Wiktoryn. Two stations were opened in the area, Włochy EKD, now known as Warszawa Raków, and Wiktoryn. The line formed a connection between Warsaw and Grodzisk Mazowiecki.^{[13][14][15][16]} In 1932, the a branch line was constructed alongside Popularna Street, extending the line to Warszawa Włochy station. The Wiktoryn station was moved to the new line, at the intersection of Popularna and Krańcowa Streets, and was later renamed to Warszawa Włochy Graniczna.^[17][18] Additionally, in 1934, the Warszawa Aleje Jerozolimskie station was also opened near Jerusalem Avenue.^[19] The Electric Commuter Railway line was closed down in 1971, together with all of its stations in the area, except Warszawa Raków.^[13][14]

On 15 April 1930, Włochy became the seat of a new municipality, named after it, which also included Solipse and Wiktoryn.^[10][20] On 20 October 1933, the municipality was divided into two village assemblies divided by the railway tracks, with Włochy Nowe (lit. ‘New Włochy‘) in the north, and Włochy Stare (lit. ‘Old Włochy‘) in the south.^[21][22] On 1 April 1939, the municipality was transformed into a town, keeping the name Włochy. It also incorporated some lands from the nearby municipalities of Blizne and Skorosze.^[10][23]

On 8 September 1939, Włochy was captured by the Wehrmacht during the German invasion of Poland in the Second World War. Throughout the conflict, German soldiers were stationed in the town. On 15 November 1940, a ghetto was created in Fort V “Włochy”, repurposing abandoned barracks and small shacks in the area. It housed around 300 Jewish residents, forcibly relocated there from Łomianki, Piastów, Ożarów Mazowiecki, and Włochy. For comparison, before the war, in 1939, the town had around 100 Jewish inhabitants. The ghetto had poor living conditions and was closed down in February 1941, with its remaining residents being moved to the Warsaw Ghetto. During its existence, the local government and civilians, led by the mayor Franciszek Kostecki, and the Roman Catholic parish, smuggled around 100 people from the ghetto, giving them new identities with documents made in the town hall. Almost all of those responsible for the operation were arrested on 18 November 1942, and later executed in the Auschwitz concentration camp. Following the arrest, the local Catholic parish, as well as several household owners, continued to help in hiding Jewish people in the town. The ghetto had poor living conditions, and was closed down in February 1941, with its remaining residents being moved to the Warsaw Ghetto.

On 22 November 1939, soldiers of the 7th Legions’ Infantry Regiment of the Polish Armed Forces formed an underground resistance group, nicknamed Madagaskar, with their first base of operations in Włochy. The group recruited people from local settlements, mainly from Włochy, Okęcie, Ursus, Ożarów Mazowiecki, Jelonki, and Boernerowo. It aimed at training its members for the military resistance against the occupying forces, later taking the form of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. The group itself was forced to move out of Włochy, when a secret meeting of its members was discovered by the Gestapo officers on 1 February 1942. Five of the Madagaskar members were killed, while all but one of the survivors were arrested. The group was eventually reorganised and reactivated in Boernerowo in October 1942. Since 1941, another unit of the Polish resistance, known as the Łużyce Air Base, operated in Włochy and Okęcie. It aimed to provide pilots and personnel for the resistance military, in case it were able to capture an airport during the uprising. However, following the beginning of the uprising on 1 August 1944, the unit was instead relegated to serve in other operations as part of the Garłuch unit, as the Polish military failed to capture any airports. Additionally, since 1943, the Jaworzyn unit of the resistance also organised several disruptive and sabotage operations in Włochy, such as setting fire to the local town hall on 5 May 1944, leading to half of the German documents being lost in the event.^[24]

25 sierpnia we Włochach ukazały się afisze wzywające mężczyzn między 17. a 35. rokiem życia
do stawienia się następnego dnia rano w fabryce „Era”, skąd mieli zostać przetransportowani „do prac
nadzwyczajnych”. Ogłoszenie to podpisał Tymczasowy Ortskommendant mjr Policji Brandtstetter.
Zebranych mężczyzn w liczbie ok. 300 zabrano do działającego od trzech tygodni obozu przejściowego
w Pruszkowie, a stamtąd do Mauthausen3.
Najbardziej znanym posunięciem represyjnym wobec włochowian było wywiezienie prawie 4 tys.
mężczyzn w dniu 16 września. Dzień ten od wielu lat uznawany jest za prawdziwą hekatombę podwarszawskiego miasta, toteż każdego roku odbywają się we Włochach uroczystości upamiętniające tę tragiczną
datę. Wywózka wszystkich mężczyzn w wieku od 16 do 50 lat (według innych źródeł do 55. roku życia)

Tymczasem pierwsi Niemcy pojawili się we Włochach
8 września ok. godz. 15. Dla Włoch rozpoczęła się okupacja, która skończy się dopiero 17 stycznia 1945 r.

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Koelichen#cite_note-3

owanie „Obroża”.
Zawiązanie „Garłucha” miało miejsce 22 listopada 1939 r. w mieszkaniu por. Patrycego Dziurzyńskiego
przy ul. Szopena 10 we Włochach2. Początkowo organizacja ta grupowała oficerów z przedwojennego 7 pp
Legionów z Chełma Lubelskiego, w pierwszych miesiącach okupacji związanych z „Orłem Białym” Związku
Strzeleckiego. Pierwszym dowódcą konspiracyjnego pułku był kpt. Kazimierz Lang („Włodzimierzowski”,
„Dziad”, „Grzyb”). Na początku 1941 r. 7 pp został podporządkowany ZWZ Okręgu Warszawskiego i zaczynał używać kryptonimu „Madagaskar”. Jesienią 1941 r. „Madagaskar” osiągnął wielkość pułku, był więc