User:EllaS123/sandbox: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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* Azevedo, M., & Alla, S. (2008). Diabetes in sub-saharan Africa: kenya, mali, mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa and zambia. International journal of diabetes in developing countries, 28(4), 101–108. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-3930.45268</nowiki>

* Ayesha A. Motala, Mahomed A. K. Omar, Fraser J. Pirie, Epidemiology of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Africa, European journal of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation, Volume 10, Issue 2, 1 April 2003, Pages 77–83, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/174182670301000202</nowiki>

* <nowiki>https://heart.bmj.com/content/94/11/1376</nowiki>

* <nowiki>https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(13)00389-6/fulltext</nowiki>

* <nowiki>https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/diabetes/diabetes/contents/summary</nowiki>

* <nowiki>https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/about-diabetes/diabetes-in-australia/</nowiki>

* <nowiki>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168822725001275</nowiki>

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== Africa ==

In Africa the cases of diabetes has risen significantly from 1990 to 2022. It is estimated that in 1990 there was 12 million cases of diagnosed diabetes in Africa, there is then a jump to approximately 54 million cases in 2022. When left untreated diabetes can cause pre mature deaths. Untreated and undiagnosed diabetes in higher in low and middle income countries in Africa than it is in high income countries. In Africa the rate of death from premature diabetes is at 58%, for comparison the global rate is only 48.1%. Overall there has been more research done on the epidemiology of type 2 diabetes in African countries than there has been on type 1 diabetes in Africa. Type 2 diabetes rates are increasing world wide due to increasing obesity and lack of physical exercise. This is no different in Africa, as there is an increase in the rates of type 2 diabetes. In looking at why the rates of diabetes are increasing in Africa it seems that there is a mix of environmental and genetic factors. While diabetes data in Africa is lacking it can be seen that in more rural parts of the continents the prevalence of diabetes is not as great as in more urban parts of the continent suggesting an environmental factor in the rise of diabetes. More studies need to be done into the causes of diabetes in general then it can be focused onto specific continents and countries.

The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimates that 23.6 million are living with diabetes in Africa. The region of Africa has the highest percentage of undiagnosed diabetes cases reaching 53.6%s.

== See also ==

Epidemiology of Diabetes Sandbox.

Citations

Xu, Y., Lu, J., Li, M., Wang, T., Wang, K., Cao, Q., Ding, Y., Xiang, Y., Wang, S., Yang, Q., Zhao, X., Zhang, X., Xu, M., Wang, W., Bi, Y., & Ning, G. (2024). Diabetes in China part 1: epidemiology and risk factors. The Lancet. Public health, 9(12), e1089–e1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(24)00250-0
Jia, W., Chan, J. C., Wong, T. Y., & Fisher, E. B. (2025). Diabetes in China: epidemiology, pathophysiology and multi-omics. Nature metabolism, 7(1), 16–34. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-024-01190-w
https://www.who.int/hongkongchina/news/detail/06-04-2016-rate-of-diabetes-in-china-explosive-
Cheng Hu, Weiping Jia; Diabetes in China: Epidemiology and Genetic Risk Factors and Their Clinical Utility in Personalized Medication. Diabetes 1 January 2018; 67 (1): 3–11. https://doi.org/10.2337/dbi17-0013
Zhou, Y. C., Liu, J. M., Zhao, Z. P., Zhou, M. G., & Ng, M. (2025). The national and provincial prevalence and non-fatal burdens of diabetes in China from 2005 to 2023 with projections of prevalence to 2050. Military Medical Research, 12(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-025-00615-1
https://fmdiabetes.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IDF_Atlas_10th_Edition_2021-comprimido.pdf
https://diabetesatlas.org/
https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/diabetes
Gill G. (2014). Diabetes in Africa – Puzzles and challenges. Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism, 18(3), 249–251. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.131111
Azevedo, M., & Alla, S. (2008). Diabetes in sub-saharan Africa: kenya, mali, mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa and zambia. International journal of diabetes in developing countries, 28(4), 101–108. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-3930.45268
Ayesha A. Motala, Mahomed A. K. Omar, Fraser J. Pirie, Epidemiology of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Africa, European journal of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation, Volume 10, Issue 2, 1 April 2003, Pages 77–83, https://doi.org/10.1177/174182670301000202
https://heart.bmj.com/content/94/11/1376
https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(13)00389-6/fulltext
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/diabetes/diabetes/contents/summary
https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/about-diabetes/diabetes-in-australia/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168822725001275
Davis, W. A., Peters, K. E., Makepeace, A., Griffiths, S., Bundell, C., Grant, S. F. A., Ellard, S., Hattersley, A. T., Paul Chubb, S. A., Bruce, D. G., & Davis, T. M. E. (2018). Prevalence of diabetes in Australia: insights from the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II. Internal medicine journal, 48(7), 803–809. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.13792
https://www.canadianjournalofdiabetes.com/article/S1499-2671(23)00723-2/fulltext
LeBlanc, A. G., Jun Gao, Y., McRae, L., & Pelletier, C. (2019). At-a-glance – Twenty years of diabetes surveillance using the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System. Aperçu – Vingt ans de surveillance du diabète grâce au Système canadien de surveillance des maladies chroniques. Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada : research, policy and practice, 39(11), 306–309. https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.39.11.03
Hosseini, Z., Whiting, S. J., & Vatanparast, H. (2019). Type 2 diabetes prevalence among Canadian adults – dietary habits and sociodemographic risk factors. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme, 44(10), 1099–1104. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2018-0567
Neville, S. E., Boye, K. S., Montgomery, W. S., Iwamoto, K., Okamura, M., & Hayes, R. P. (2009). Diabetes in Japan: a review of disease burden and approaches to treatment. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews, 25(8), 705–716. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.1012

Elvin: Latin America and genetics

Ella: Africa

Hanna: Japan

Angel: History of Diabetes

Epidemiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic high levels of blood glucose (or “blood sugar”)^[1]. It is one of the world’s most common diseases and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. As of 2024, over 800 million adults worldwide are living with diabetes, contributing to around 3.4 million deaths annually (according to the International Diabetes Federation) and ranking diabetes as the eighth leading cause of death^[2]. The number of individuals affected with diabetes has increased from 200 million in 1990 to over 800 million worldwide^[3], with the majority of the population diagnosed living with type II diabetes, which makes up 90-95% of the cases^[4]. The prevalence of diabetes has been increasing in every region, but especially in low and middle-income countries, because of limited access to early diagnosis and medical care. Some of the factors contributing to this increase include urbanization, age, poor diet, lack of physical activity, and genetics^[4].

There are multiple types of diabetes, including type I and II diabetes, gestational diabetes, type 3c diabetes, and pre-diabetes. Frequent urination, excessive thirst, blurry vision, fatigue, and unintended weight loss are a few of the symptoms that could result from diabetes. Diabetes mellitus can lead to serious complications, including blindness, kidney failure, and heart disease. If left untreated, diabetes can also lead to severe consequences, such as lower limb amputation^[3]. Though type I diabetes cannot be prevented because it is an autoimmune disease, type II diabetes can often be prevented through maintaining an active lifestyle, eating a balanced diet, and keeping a healthy bodyweight^[5].

Globally, diabetes continues to rise across all populations, particularly affecting adults and minority groups. The prevalence of diabetes will continue to increase globally, making it a major public health concern worldwide.

History of Diabetes

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The earliest known references to diabetes date back to ancient times. In ancient Egypt, the Ebers Papyrus (circa 1550 BC) describes urinary problems that some scholars interpret as possibly diabetes (though the description is not specific)^[6]. In ancient India, Ayurvedic texts (5th-6th century BCE) described Madhumeha (“honey urine”) in which patients’ urine would attract ants (suggesting knowledge of glycosuria)^[7]. The Greek physician, Araetus of Cappadocia, later used the word diabetes (“to pass through”), to describe the symptom of excessive urination. In the 1600s, the English physician, Thomas Willis, added the term mellitus (“sweet”) since diabetic urine contained excess sugar^[7]. Over time, scientists learned that diabetes was a metabolic disease and not just a problem with the kidneys. The 19th century lead to many advances made, including the discovery of insulin, due to improvements of technology. With the collaboration of Sir Frederick G. Banting, Charles H. Best, J.J.R Macleod, and James B. Collip, the discovery of insulin marked a major breakthrough, making it possible to manage a disease that had previously been fatal^[8]. For a more detailed overview, see History of diabetes.

Almost one Chinese adult in four has diabetes. The International Diabetes Federation estimated in 2021 more than 140 million Chinese adults with diabetes. The incidence of the disease is increasing rapidly: a reported 30% increase in 7 years. Indigenous nomadic peoples like Tibetans and Mongols are at much higher susceptibility than Han Chinese.

Main article: Diabetes in India

India has the second highest number of people with diabetes. Diabetes currently affects more than 74 million Indians, which is more than 8.3% of the adult population. It is estimated to be around 57% of the current cases of diabetes to be undiagnosed.

Among young and middle aged adults the prevalence of diabetes is 6.7% and prediabetes is 5.6% according to the National Family Health Survey-4. The average age on onset is 42.5 years. Nearly 1 million Indians die due to diabetes every year.

According to the Indian Heart Association, India is projected to be home to 109 million individuals with diabetes by 2035. A study by the American Diabetes Association reports that India will see the greatest increase in people diagnosed with diabetes by 2030. The high incidence is attributed to a combination of genetic susceptibility plus adoption of a high-calorie, low-activity lifestyle by India’s growing middle class.

Main article: Diabetes in Japan

In 2021, Japan had an estimated 11 million people with diabetes, an increase from 7.1 million in 2000. This is around 1 in 10 adults.

In 2021 there were 4.1 million people in the UK diagnosed with diabetes, 90% of them having type 2. There were a further 1 million people with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes and 13.6 million people were at risk of developing type 2 diabetes, half of which could be prevented. The charity Diabetes UK have made predictions that could become high as 6.2 million by 2035–2036. The National Health Service (NHS) spent a daily average of £2.2m (€2.6m; $3.7m) in 2013 on prescriptions for managing diabetes in primary care, and about 10% of the primary care prescribing budget is spent on treating diabetes. Diabetes UK have also predicted that the NHS could be spending as much as 16.9 billion pounds on diabetes mellitus by 2035, a figure that means the NHS could be spending as much as 17% of its budget on diabetes treatment by 2035. However, since the United Kingdom practices a national health care system with universal access, there are far fewer cases of diagnosed diabetes compared to the United States.

Almost 2.4 million Canadians (6.8%) have been diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, based on 2009 chronic disease surveillance data. Prevalence is higher among males (7.2%) than females (6.4%). However these numbers are likely an underestimate, as data obtained from blood samples indicate about 20% of diabetes cases remain undiagnosed.

The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among Canadians increased by 70% over the decade from 1999 to 2009. The greatest relative increase in prevalence was seen younger adults (35 to 44 years), attributable in part to increasing rates of overweight and obesity. The Public Health Agency of Canada estimates that if current trends in diabetes continue, the number of Canadians living with diabetes will reach 3.7 million by 2019.

Main article: Diabetes in the United States

Diabetes rates in the United States, like across North America and around the world, have been increasing substantially. The diagnosis of diabetes has quadrupled in the last 30 years in America, increasing from 5.5 million in 1980 to 21.1 million in 2010. From 1988-1994, about 25% of American adults, aged 40–74 years old, were classified as having prediabetes. According to the 2014 Statistics Report done by the CDC it was found that, “Diabetes Mellitus affects an estimated 29.1 million people in the United States and is the 7th leading cause of death. It also increases the chances of mortality, as well as the risk for heart attack, kidney failure, and blindness” While the number of people with diabetes in the US continues to grow, the number of new cases has been declining since 2009, after decades of increases in new cases. In 2014, more than 29 million people had diabetes in the United States, of whom 7 million people remain undiagnosed. As of 2012 another 57 million people were estimated to have prediabetes. There were approximately 12.1 million diabetes-related emergency department (ED) visits in 2010 for adults aged 18 years or older (515 per 10,000 U.S. population), accounting for 9.4 percent of all ED visits.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has called the change an epidemic. Geographically, there is a U.S. diabetes belt with high diabetes prevalence estimates, which includes Mississippi and parts of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. The National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse estimates diabetes costs $132 billion in the United States alone every year. About 5%–10% of diabetes cases in North America are type 1, with the rest being type 2. The fraction of type 1 in other parts of the world differs. Most of this difference is not currently understood. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) cites the 2003 assessment of the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) that one in three Americans born after 2000 will develop diabetes in their lifetimes.

Diabetes is also more prominent in minority groups. For example, according to the American Diabetes Association the rates of diagnosed diabetes are 12.8% of Hispanics, 13.2% of Non-Hispanic blacks, 15.9% of American Indians/Alaskan Natives. While Non-Hispanic whites are 7.6% and only 9% of Asian Americans have diagnosed diabetes. 4.9% of American adults had diabetes in 1990. By 1998, that number rose by a third to 6.5%. The prevalence of diabetes increased for both sexes and every racial group. American women have suffered from diabetes at a higher rate than men, with 7.4% of women being diabetic in 1998, as opposed to only 5.5% of men. The increase in diabetes coincides with an increase in average weight across both genders. In the same time frame, average weight in both men and women increased by nearly 4 kilograms. This relates to the fact that the most common form of diabetes, type 2, is strongly associated with unhealthy weight. Older Americans have suffered from diabetes at a much higher rate than younger people, with over 12% of those in their 60s and 70s being diabetic in 1998. In the same year, less than 2% of those under 30 suffered from diabetes. Weight is also a strong factor in one’s likelihood of becoming diabetic, with 13.5% of obese Americans in 1998 being diabetic. In the same year, only 3.5% of people at a healthy weight had the disease.

As of 2006, about 18.3% (8.6 million) of Americans age 60 and older had diabetes, according to the ADA. Diabetes mellitus prevalence increases with age, and the numbers of older persons with diabetes are expected to grow as the elderly population increases in number. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) from 1988 to 1994 demonstrated, in the population over 65 years old, 18% to 20% had diabetes, with 40% having either diabetes or its precursor form of impaired glucose tolerance. Older individuals are also more likely to be seen in the emergency department (ED) for diabetes. A study by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) found that in 2010, diabetes-related ED visit rates were highest for patients aged 65 and older (1,307 per 10,000 population), compared with 45- to 64-year-olds (584 per 10,000 population) and 18- to 44-year-olds (183 per 10,000 population).

A second study by AHRQ found that diabetes with complications was one of the twenty most expensive conditions seen in U.S. inpatient hospitalizations in 2011, with an aggregate cost of nearly $5.4 billion for 561,000 stays. It was among the top five most expensive conditions for uninsured patients, at an aggregate cost of $440 million for 62,000 hospitalizations.

Oceania and the Pacific

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Main article: Diabetes in Australia

An estimated 1.5 million Australians have diabetes. Indigenous populations in developed countries generally have higher prevalence and incidence of diabetes than their corresponding nonindigenous populations. In Australia, the age-standardised prevalence of self-reported diabetes in indigenous Australians is almost four times that of nonindigenous Australians. Reasons include higher rates of obesity, physical inactivity, and living in poor housing and environments among Indigenous peoples. Preventative community health programs are showing some success in tackling this problem.^{[citation needed]}

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