User:GLgibson88/Josefina Magno: Difference between revisions

 

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=== Education ===

=== Education ===

[[File:”University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines, c1945″.jpg|thumb|356x356px|University of Santo Tomas in Manila, Philippines in 1945]]

[[File:”University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines, c1945″.jpg|thumb|356x356px|University of Santo Tomas in Manila, Philippines in 1945]]

Josefina Magno started school in…. She continued schooling to receive a Doctorate from the University of Santo Tomas.<ref name=”:1″>{{Cite web |title=Hospice Promoter Josefina B. Magno Dies |url=https://globalag.igc.org/health/us/josefina.htm |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=globalag.igc.org}}</ref> She graduated ”magna cum laude” from University of Santo Tomas.<ref name=”:1″ /> Following her schooling in the Phillipines Josefina Magno went on to train as an oncologist at Georgetown University. <ref name=”:2″>{{Cite journal |last=Newman |first=Laura |date=2003 |title=Josefina Bautista Magno |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25457352 |journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal |volume=327 |issue=7417 |pages=753–753 |issn=0959-8138}}</ref> Her first introduction to the Hospice Industry came from her study in the United Kingdom, where [[Cicely Saunders]] had began the world’s first hospice center.<ref name=”:2″ />

Josefina Magno started school in…. She continued schooling to receive a Doctorate from the University of Santo Tomas.<ref name=”:1″>{{Cite web |title=Hospice Promoter Josefina B. Magno Dies |url=https://globalag.igc.org/health/us/josefina.htm |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=globalag.igc.org}}</ref> She graduated ”magna cum laude” from University of Santo Tomas.<ref name=”:1″ /> Following her schooling in the Josefina Magno went on to train as an oncologist at Georgetown University. <ref name=”:2″>{{Cite journal |last=Newman|first=Laura|date=2003|title=Josefina Bautista Magno|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25457352|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|volume=327|issue=7417|pages=753–753|issn=0959-8138}}</ref>

=== Career ===

=== Career ===

Josefina began her medical career in the Philippine Government as a special assistant to the chairman of the National Science Development Board and then the assistant to the Secretary of Health. Around 1969 when she moved to Washington DC, she became the Community Medical Coordinator of the Rehabilitation Project of the George Washington University Hospital.<ref name=”:11″ />

⚫ ⚫

Dr. Magno was also a founder and director of the National Hospice Organization in 1980.<ref name=”:8″ />

-More on Georgetown care

-More on Georgetown care

She moved back to the Philippines in 1995 and worked with the Philippine Department of Health and Philippine Cancer Society to develop hospice care models there.<ref name=”:11″ />

-later research

=== Personal Life ===

=== Personal Life ===

Born December 28, 1919,<ref>{{Cite web|title=NARA – AAD – Social Security Death Files, 1936 – 2007|url=https://aad.archives.gov/aad/record-detail.jsp?dt=3003&mtch=1&cat=all&tf=F&q=578743588&bc=&rpp=10&pg=1&rid=200831|website=aad.archives.gov|access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref> Josefina Magno was a native to the Philipine Islands.<ref name=”:2″ /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-aug-03-me-magno3-story.html|title=Dr. Josefina B. Magno, 83; Pioneer of Hospice Care for Dying Patients in the U.S.|date=August 3, 2003|website=Los Angeles Times|last=Woo|first=Elaine}}</ref>Josefina Bautista later married her University of Santo Tomas classmate, Dr. Cesar P. Magno.<ref name=”:1″ /> Together they had seven children Jose Magno, Manny Magno, Cesar Magno, Vincent Magno, Nanette Magno-Velayo, Mario Magno, and Carlo Magno.<ref name=”:1″ /> In her personal life Dr. Magno had many experienced with the deaths of close ones. Throughout her lifetime she aided her husband, her son Mario, and her sister throughout their struggles with cancer.<ref name=”:2″ /> Many colleges and close friends feel that these experiences gave her the desire to aid those in their final chapters of life. Magno herself eventually was diagnosed with breast cancer herself providing her with first hand experience on how it felt to have cancer.<ref name=”:2″ /> Dr. Josefina Magno later died in 2003 due to congestive heart failure.<ref name=”:1″ />

Born December 28, 1919,<ref>{{Cite web|title=NARA – AAD – Social Security Death Files, 1936 – 2007|url=https://aad.archives.gov/aad/record-detail.jsp?dt=3003&mtch=1&cat=all&tf=F&q=578743588&bc=&rpp=10&pg=1&rid=200831|website=aad.archives.gov|access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref> Josefina Magno was a native to the Islands.<ref name=”:2″ /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-aug-03-me-magno3-story.html|title=Dr. Josefina B. Magno, 83; Pioneer of Hospice Care for Dying Patients in the U.S.|date=August 3, 2003|website=Los Angeles Times|last=Woo|first=Elaine}}</ref>Josefina Bautista later married her University of Santo Tomas classmate, Dr. Cesar P. Magno.<ref name=”:1″ /> Together they had seven children Jose Magno, Manny Magno, Cesar Magno, Vincent Magno, Nanette Magno-Velayo, Mario Magno, and Carlo Magno.<ref name=”:1″ /> In her personal life Dr. Magno had many experienced with the deaths of close ones. Throughout her lifetime she aided her husband, her son Mario, and her sister throughout their struggles with cancer.<ref name=”:2″ /> Many colleges and close friends feel that these experiences gave her the desire to aid those in their final chapters of life. Magno herself eventually was diagnosed with breast cancer herself providing her with first hand experience on how it felt to have cancer.<ref name=”:2″ /> Dr. Josefina Magno later died in 2003 due to congestive heart failure.<ref name=”:1″ />

=== Impact ===

=== Impact ===

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Josefina Bautista Magno
Born	(1919-12-28)December 28, 1919
Died	July 27, 2003(2003-07-27) (aged 83)
Education	University of Santo Tomas (magna cum laude medical graduate), Georgetown University (oncology), St. Christopher’s Hospice (study abroad)
Occupation(s)	Assistant to the Philippines Secretary of Health, Hospice Care doctor
Spouse	Cesar P. Magno

Dr. Magno was a renowned figure in the Hospice and Palliative Care network. Born and raised in the Philippines Josefina Mango brought one the earliest programs for hospice care to the United States when she immigrated in the 1960’s.[1] The introduction of Hospice care into American Healthcare has led to a series of widespread changes that benefit millions of Americans.^[2] The American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine was co-founded by Magno, just one of the many contributions she brought to the United States. As a practitioner she continued to run studies, research papers, and spoke at conferences about the improvements and benefits of Hospice Care.

Josefina Magno started school in…. She continued schooling to receive a Doctorate from the University of Santo Tomas.^[3] She graduated magna cum laude from University of Santo Tomas.^[3] Following her schooling in the Philippines and her treatment of cancer, Josefina Magno went on to train as an oncologist at Georgetown University when it opened its Division of Medical Oncology.^[4] Her first introduction to the Hospice Industry came from her study in the United Kingdom, where Cicely Saunders had began the world’s first hospice center.^[5]

Josefina began her medical career in the Philippine Government as a special assistant to the chairman of the National Science Development Board and then the assistant to the Secretary of Health. Around 1969 when she moved to Washington DC, she became the Community Medical Coordinator of the Rehabilitation Project of the George Washington University Hospital.^[4]

Josefina’s first efforts to bring Hospice care to the US started in 1976.^[5] In this early effort, she managed to convince her Georgetown University President to allow her to set up a pilot training project. ^[5] This school project eventually became the Hospice of Northern Virginia.^[5] Dr. Magno was also the executive director of the National Hospice Organization in 1980 and the president of the International Hospice Institute in 1984.^[6]

-More on Georgetown care

She moved back to the Philippines in 1995 and worked with the Philippine Department of Health and Philippine Cancer Society to develop hospice care models there.^[4]

Born December 28, 1919,^[7] Josefina Magno was a native to the Philippine Islands.^{[5] [8]}Josefina Bautista later married her University of Santo Tomas classmate, Dr. Cesar P. Magno.^[3] Together they had seven children Jose Magno, Manny Magno, Cesar Magno, Vincent Magno, Nanette Magno-Velayo, Mario Magno, and Carlo Magno.^[3] In her personal life Dr. Magno had many experienced with the deaths of close ones. Throughout her lifetime she aided her husband, her son Mario, and her sister throughout their struggles with cancer.^[5] Many colleges and close friends feel that these experiences gave her the desire to aid those in their final chapters of life. Magno herself eventually was diagnosed with breast cancer herself providing her with first hand experience on how it felt to have cancer.^[5] Dr. Josefina Magno later died in 2003 due to congestive heart failure.^[3]

The first record of Filipinos in the US occurred even before the formation of the US in 1587.^[9] This First Landing of Filipinos in the United States was the beginning of what would become a long lasting relationship between the two countries. In early years of the US, Filipino immigration continued mainly though Spanish influence.^[10] These small streams of Filipino immigrants would not grow until the late 19th century when immigrant population were used as labor.^[10]

Filipinos as well as other Asian minorities such as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean all had large populations in Hawaii as agriculture grew on the American Islands.^[11] The majority of Filipino immigrants to this area were low-skilled laborers. Large amount of Filipino peasants were part of this 1908 recruitment by the Hawaiian Sugar Planter’s Association.^[11] Today Filipinos in Hawaii still make up the second largest ethnic group in Hawaii at 25.1%.

-Colonization of the Philippines^{[12] [13]}

-Immigration Act of 1965^[14][15]

-Immigration nursing relief act of 1989 ^[16]

The main professional categories that Filipino immigrants enter into are health professionals, engineers, teachers, and IT specialists. The emigration of these specialized workers creates an effect named “brain drain” in the Philippines.^[17] Brain drain refers to the movement of processionals and well educated immigration moving from a developing country to an industrialized one. Migrants from the Philippines were often pushed out due to low salaries, political instability, and a lack of skilled job opportunities within their own country.^[17] The decades of outflow have continued to feed into the low employment rate and struggling economy of the Philippines.^[18]The influx of well trained professional workers from the Philippines into the U.S. rapidly grew in the sixties and seventies.^[11] Between 1960 and 1980 the U.S. grew from 105,000 to 501,000 immigrants per year.^[19] The Unites States is the number one foreign home to Filipinos, and it continue stop benefit from the populations of professional workers entering its labor market.^[19]

Migration waves began to move Filipinos west as they migrated from Hawaii to places such as California, Washington, and Oregon.^[11] in 1946 35,700 Filipinos came to the U.S. and settled in the areas listed above as well as in large cities such as New York City and Chicago.^[11] In 2023 the Filipino population in the U.S. reached 4.6 million, with 2 million of these individuals identifying as immigrants born in the Philippines. These populations are still heavily congregated along the West Coast, with the highest population being in Hawaii, Nevada, Alaska, and California.^[20] Today Filipinos Mark the 4th largest ethnic immigration group, behind Mexico, India, and China.^[19]The Filipino population continues to attain higher education as 50% of the U.S Filipino Population have a bachelors degree of higher.^[21]

Hospice is an approach to patient care that merges specialized care and oversight of the I’ll and during in a caring way.^[22] This can include medical care as well as social care alleviating the concerns of living alone at a certain age. Modern hospice care began due to the efforts of Cicely Saunders who opened St Christopher’s Hospice in the United Kingdom in 1967. This form of care was first introduced to the United States in in 1974, with the first program originating in Connecticut. ^[22] This first program was sponsored by Florence Wald, an American nurse influenced by Saunders who helped foster the growth of the first hospice institution in Connecticut. Wald’s early program was a 44-bed facility that was ran by 4 professionals.^[23] This initial hospice program slowly spread to neighboring universities as this new care service was developed.

While studying at Georgetown University, Josefina Magno trained in the United Kingdom where she was also introduced to the hospice care set up by Saunders.^[1] As a clinical associate for Georgetown University Hospital in the Division of Medical Oncology, she pioneered the first hospice program in the Washington DC area.^[24] This early program had three main goals to train staff in a small six-bed inpatient until, allow the Blue Cross to monitor the pilot program, and provide consultation and medical care to patents.^[24] This pilot program started July 31, 1978 and has since grown to the largest source of inpatient hospital referrals.^[24] However, in its earliest days this program faced issues with patient occupancy, high costs, and lack of trained staff.^[24] To combat the issue of lack of patients they began a system of referrals where local hospitals could recommend hospice care to patients that fit the needs of the Georgetown program. Through this program they were able to go from 25.8% occupancy in 1878 to full in 1980.^[24]

After the introduction of initial programs, the federal government quickly took notice of the data (including Magno’s pilot project with its involvement of insurance providers)^[4] and wanted to incorporate it into federal oversight. Beginning in 1980, the U.S Department of Health, Education, and Welfare wanted to fund 26 hospices as a national program.^[25] Following this initiative, the federal government moved to expand Medicare coverage to cover hospice costs in August of 1982.^[25] In 1982, Congress successfully passed the Medicare Hospice Benefit to reimburse those in need of home-based palliative care. Under this act it protected certain classes of patients with unique needs, ensuring that 80% of their care had to be provided in the patients home.^[26] In 1982 the World Heath Organization also moved to use the term “palliative care” over “hospice care” to describe a wider range of services.

In the 1970s, the National Hospice Organization had slow beginnings, but on October 5th and 6th, 1978, it had its first national meeting that was planned by Magno as the project manager.^[6] In 1979, the organization published a list of qualities and standards that care centers should maintain,^[25] and in the spring of 1980, Magno became the executive director for a couple of years.^[6] In 1984, she organized the International Hospice Institute which had its name changed to International Hospice Institute and College in 1996 and is now called the International Association of Hospice and Palliative Care (IAHPC).This gave needed terminal-care training and education opportunities for Americans and for developing countries.^[4] Through this program, Magno was able to help establish hospice services in more than 100 countries.^[1]

Due to the newness and lack of quality assurance in hospice care, both federal and state governments began to pass legislation to assure a level of care in hospice centers. Continuing a process of accrediting hospice care centers and providers, the W.K. Kellogg Foundation assisted the Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals to influence the standardization quality of care. This foundation created a grant to aid the rapid growth of hospice centers. This grant ensures that these new centers had the funds to go through an Accreditation program and hire professionals that could continue to provide quality care.^[25] The Joint Commission conducted a survey in 1981 to asses the size, types of services, staffing, and budget of hospice centers. From this survey a draft of standards was created and presented throughout the county to medical providers.^[25] This Joint Commission and their work created the basis for assuring standard level of care for hospice patients.

Development over the last 4 decades (medical/research/different levels of care)

The hospice movement continues to revolutionize the passage of the ill and dying. Today hospice care ranges from long-term care facilities to hospital treatments.^[25] Treatment is now made available 24 hours a day allowing for intensive and personalized care. This care can include physical, social, psychological, and spiritual aspects of the patients needs.^[25] Currently, hospice provides care to 50% of Americans who die of cancer, 20-30% suffering from chronic illness, and 55>% of people who die in America.^[26] In 2025 there are 9,458 total hospice care centers.^[27]

^[28]Dr. Magno was quoted in a 1996 interview that “”We developed the hospice concept to eliminate the physical suffering of terminally ill patients (most often through palliative drugs) so people wouldn’t feel so isolated.”^[3]

-Josefina’s awards and studies

File:HospiceCare.jpg