== Health of presidents of the United States ==
== Health of presidents of the United States ==
{{See also|List of presidents of the United States by age|List of presidents of the United States by date of death}}
{{See also|List of presidents of the United States by age|List of presidents of the United States by date of death}}
[[File:Obama vaccinated against H1N1 at WHMU 2009.jpg|thumb|300x300px|In 2009, during the [[2009 swine flu pandemic]], President [[Barack Obama]] receiving a vaccination against [[Influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1 swine flu]] from a nurse of the [[White House Medical Unit]]]]
[[File:Obama vaccinated against H1N1 at WHMU 2009.jpg|thumb|| the [[2009 swine flu pandemic]], President [[Barack Obama]] a vaccination against [[Influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1]] from a nurse of the [[White House Medical Unit]]]]
The ”’health of [[president of the United States|presidents of the United States]]”’ is determined and managed by multiple persons or groups within the [[White House]], such as the [[Physician to the President]], the [[White House Medical Unit]], and the [[White House Military Office]]. The office of [[Chief Medical Advisor to the President]], founded in 2019, has been vacant since 2023.
The ”’health of [[president of the United States|presidents of the United States]]”’ is determined and managed by multiple persons or groups within the [[White House]], such as the [[Physician to the President]], the [[White House Medical Unit]], and the [[White House Military Office]]. The office of [[Chief Medical Advisor to the President]], founded in 2019, has been vacant since 2023.
Out of the [[List of presidents of the United States|45 presidents]], [[List of presidents of the United States who died in office|eight have died in office]]: [[William Henry Harrison]] from [[pneumonia]] and [[enteric fever]]; [[Zachary Taylor]] from [[gastroenteritis]]; [[Abraham Lincoln]] from [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|a gunshot]] to the head; [[James A. Garfield]] from [[septic shock]], resulting from improper care of [[Assassination of James A. Garfield|a gunshot]] to the back (he was also shot in the arm); [[William McKinley]] from [[Assassination of William McKinley|a gunshot]] to the chest; [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] from a [[cerebral hemorrhage]]; and [[John F. Kennedy]] from [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|two gunshots]] to the neck and head, per [[Autopsy of John F. Kennedy|his autopsy]]. Three have been wounded from gunshots during or after office: [[Theodore Roosevelt]] [[Attempted assassination of Theodore Roosevelt|in the chest]], the bullet becoming permanently lodged in him; [[Ronald Reagan]], also [[Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan|in the chest]]; and [[Donald Trump]], the current president, [[Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania|to the ear]]. No presidents have been killed after office.
Out of the [[List of presidents of the United States|45 presidents]], [[List of presidents of the United States who died in office|eight died in office]]: [[William Henry Harrison]] from [[pneumonia]] and [[enteric fever]]; [[Zachary Taylor]] from [[gastroenteritis]]; [[Abraham Lincoln]] from [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|a gunshot]] to the head; [[James A. Garfield]] from [[septic shock]], resulting from improper care of [[Assassination of James A. Garfield|a gunshot]] to the back ( shot arm); [[William McKinley]] from [[Assassination of William McKinley|a gunshot]] to the chest; [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] from a [[cerebral hemorrhage]]; and [[John F. Kennedy]] from [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|two gunshots]] to the neck and head. Three wounded gunshots during or after office: [[Theodore Roosevelt]] [[Attempted assassination of Theodore Roosevelt|in the chest]] the bullet lodged in him; [[Ronald Reagan]], [[Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan|in the chest]]; and [[Donald Trump]], the current president, [[Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania| the ear]].
A number of historians allege some presidents to have lacked, in office, strong enough [[Cognitive skill|mental faculties]] to appropriately serve as president, for the entirety or part of their terms. [[Woodrow Wilson]], serving from 1913 to 1921, suffered a massive [[stroke]] in 1919, which led his wife [[Edith Wilson|Edith]] to secretly make many presidential decisions for him afterwards. [[Calvin Coolidge]] suffered [[hypersomnia]] resulting from [[Depression (mood)|depression]]. [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] may have had [[bipolar disorder]]. [[Richard Nixon]]’s [[United States Secretary of Defense|Defense Secretary]] [[James R. Schlesinger|James]] [[James R. Schlesinger|R. Schlesinger]] once secretly ordered military officials to not comply if Nixon orders a [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear launch]], due to erratic behavior resulting from [[binge drinking]]. Reagan, serving from 1981 to 1989, was diagnosed with [[Alzheimer’s disease]] in 1994, but according to [[Ron Reagan|his son]], exhibited symptoms as early as 1984. [[Age and health concerns about Donald Trump|Trump]] and [[Joe Biden]] have exhibited symptoms of [[dementia]] in office, but both have denied having it.
A number of historians allege some presidents to have lacked, , enough [[Cognitive skill| ]] to appropriately serve as president. [[Woodrow Wilson]], serving from 1913 to 1921, a [[stroke]] in 1919 which wife [[Edith Wilson|Edith]] secretly many presidential decisions for him afterwards. [[Calvin Coolidge]] suffered [[hypersomnia]] resulting from [[Depression (mood)|depression]]. [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] may have had [[bipolar disorder]]. Reagan, serving from 1981 to 1989, was diagnosed with [[Alzheimer’s disease]] in 1994, but according to [[Ron Reagan|his son]], exhibited symptoms as early as 1984. [[Age and health concerns about Donald Trump|Trump]] and [[Joe Biden]] have exhibited symptoms of [[dementia]] in office, but .
Multiple presidents were [[Physical disability|physically disabled]] while in office. [[James Madison]] had [[epilepsy]], resulting in [[Seizure|seizures]]. [[William Howard Taft]] had [[sleep apnea]] resulting from [[obesity]]; he generally weighed around 330 pounds. Wilson had permanent, partial [[facial paralysis]] after his stroke. [[Paralytic illness of Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt was permanently paralyzed]] in his lower body, perhaps after suffering [[polio]]. He used a [[wheelchair]], and made a “[[Gentlemen’s agreement|gentleman’s agreement]]” with [[Photojournalism|photojournalists]] to not capture him using it. Kennedy had [[Addison’s disease]] and [[Chronic condition|chronic]] back pain.
were [[Physical disability|physically disabled]] while in office. [[James Madison]] had [[epilepsy]], resulting in [[Seizure|seizures]]. [[William Howard Taft]] had [[sleep apnea]] resulting from [[obesity]]; he generally weighed 330 pounds. Wilson had partial [[facial paralysis]] after his stroke. [[Paralytic illness of Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt was permanently paralyzed]] in his lower body, perhaps after [[polio]]. He used a [[wheelchair]], and made a “[[Gentlemen’s agreement|gentleman’s agreement]]” with [[Photojournalism|photojournalists]] to not capture him using it. Kennedy had [[Addison’s disease]] and [[ ]].
Many have had what may be considered [[Substance dependence|substance dependencies]] while in office. [[George Washington]] used [[laudanum]] to manage his [[bone pain]], partially located near his [[George Washington’s teeth|his false teeth]]. Like Nixon, [[Franklin Pierce]] and [[Ulysses S. Grant]] were binge drinkers. Lincoln took “[[blue mass]]” [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] pills to deal with [[Health of Abraham Lincoln|his depression]], which may have given him [[mercury poisoning]]. Franklin D. Roosevelt used a liquid [[cocaine]] solution to manage chronic [[sinusitis]] and [[nasal congestion]]. [[Max Jacobson|Kennedy’s personal physician]] frequently gave him a “drug cocktail” of [[painkillers]] and [[Substituted amphetamine|amphetamines]] to deal with his conditions. [[Barack Obama]] said he was addicted to [[Cigarette|cigarettes]] at the start of his time in office.
Many have had what may be considered [[Substance dependence|substance dependencies]] while in office. [[George Washington]] used [[laudanum]] his [[bone pain]], partially located near [[George Washington’s teeth|his ]]. [[Franklin Pierce]] [[Ulysses S. Grant]] were binge drinkers. Lincoln took “[[blue mass]]” [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] pills [[Health of Abraham Lincoln|his depression]], which may have given him [[mercury poisoning]]. Franklin D. Roosevelt used a liquid [[cocaine]] solution to manage chronic [[sinusitis]] and [[nasal congestion]]. [[Max Jacobson|Kennedy’s personal physician]] frequently gave him a “drug cocktail” of [[painkillers]] and [[Substituted amphetamine|amphetamines]] his conditions. [[Barack Obama]] said he was addicted to [[Cigarette|cigarettes]] his .
== The President’s medical staff ==
== The President’s medical staff ==
* [[Curse of Tippecanoe]]
* [[Curse of Tippecanoe]]
* [[List of United States politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use]]
* [[List of United States politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use]]
* [[Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln]]
== References ==
== References ==
Health of presidents of the United States
The health of presidents of the United States is determined and managed by multiple persons or groups within the White House, such as the Physician to the President, the White House Medical Unit, and the White House Military Office. The office of Chief Medical Advisor to the President, founded in 2019, has been vacant since 2023.
Out of the 45 presidents so far, eight died in office: William Henry Harrison, from pneumonia and enteric fever; Zachary Taylor, from gastroenteritis; Abraham Lincoln, from a gunshot to the head; James A. Garfield, from septic shock, resulting from improper care of a gunshot to the back (another shot grazed his arm); William McKinley, from a gunshot to the chest; Franklin D. Roosevelt, from a cerebral hemorrhage; and John F. Kennedy, from two gunshots to the neck and head. Three were wounded by gunshots during or after their terms in office: Theodore Roosevelt, in the chest (the bullet was then lodged in him); Ronald Reagan, in the chest; and Donald Trump, the current president, in the ear.
A number of historians allege some presidents to have lacked, for all or part of their terms, enough cognitive ability to appropriately serve as president. Woodrow Wilson, serving from 1913 to 1921, had a stroke in 1919 which made him irritable, disorientated, and paranoid. His wife Edith secretly made many presidential decisions for him afterwards. Calvin Coolidge suffered hypersomnia resulting from depression. Lyndon B. Johnson may have had bipolar disorder. Reagan, serving from 1981 to 1989, was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease in 1994, but according to his son, exhibited symptoms as early as 1984. Trump and Joe Biden have exhibited symptoms of dementia in office, but deny having been cognitively impaired.
Five were physically disabled while in office. James Madison had epilepsy, resulting in seizures. William Howard Taft had sleep apnea resulting from obesity; he generally weighed 330 pounds. Wilson had partial blindness and partial facial paralysis after his stroke, both chronic. Franklin D. Roosevelt was permanently paralyzed in his lower body, perhaps after getting polio. He used a wheelchair, and made a “gentleman’s agreement” with photojournalists to not capture him using it. Kennedy had Addison’s disease and chronic back pain.
Many have had what may be considered substance dependencies while in office. George Washington used laudanum for his bone pain, partially located near his dentures. Franklin Pierce, Ulysses S. Grant, and Richard Nixon were binge drinkers. Lincoln took “blue mass” mercury pills for his depression, which may have given him mercury poisoning. Franklin D. Roosevelt used a liquid cocaine solution to manage chronic sinusitis and nasal congestion. Kennedy’s personal physician frequently gave him a “drug cocktail” of painkillers and amphetamines for his conditions. Barack Obama said he was addicted to cigarettes in his first term.
