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== Early 19th century == |
== Early 19th century == |
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* 1802: The later [[Kiev Governorate]] was established, including [[Right-bank Ukraine]]. |
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* 1806 |
* 1806 The [[First City Theatre (Kyiv)]] inaugurated. |
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* 1810 |
* 1810 |
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** City subdivided into 4 [[Subdivisions of Kyiv|administrative districts]]. |
** City subdivided into 4 [[Subdivisions of Kyiv|administrative districts]]. |
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Revision as of 07:14, 7 February 2026
The history of Kyiv from the end of the Khmelnytsky Uprising (1657) until the Great Fire of Podil (1811) encompasses the period in which it served as a significant city – although not the capital – within the Cossack Hetmanate. The 1654 Pereiaslav Agreement with the Tsardom of Russia established a Muscovite vassalage for early modern Ukraine. The first few decades were known as The Ruin, when Muscovy, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Crimean Khanate (itself an Ottoman vassal) competed for power and influence over the Hetmanate, while the Zaporizhian Sich increasingly went its own separate way. The city of Kiev had seen much fighting and devastation in the 1650s, with Podil (the Lower City) still being its urban centre.
Late 17th century
After the death of Bohdan Khmelnytsky in 1657, in the atmosphere of sharp conflicts, his successor became Ivan Vyhovsky who signed the Treaty of Hadiach. It was ratified by the Crown in a limited version.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] According to Vyhovsky’s original intention, Kyiv was to become the capital of the Grand Duchy of Ruthenia with limited federate rights within the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth. However, this part of the Treaty was removed during the ratification.[1] In the meantime, Vyhovsky’s opponent Yuri Khmelnytsky signed the Second Treaty of Pereyaslav in October 1659 with a representative of the Russian tsar.[8] In 1660, the local Armenians were expelled by Tsar Alexis of Russia.[9]
On 31 January 1667 the Truce of Andrusovo was concluded, in which the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ceded Smolensk, Severia and Chernigov, and, on paper only for a period of two years, the city of Kiev to the Tsardom of Russia. The Eternal Peace of 1686 acknowledged the status quo and put the city under the control of Russia for the centuries to come. Ukraine slowly lost its autonomy, which was finally abolished in 1775 by the Empress Catherine the Great. None of the Polish-Russian treaties concerning the city have ever been ratified.[11]
- 1674: the Kievan Synopsis or Kyivan Synopsis was first published in the city. The narrative was strongly influenced by the recent Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), in which the Cossacks had sided with the Muscovites in order to obtain their independence from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Moreover, the Chyhyryn campaign (1674) happened that year, in which the Cossacks were divided in pro-Ottoman and pro-Russian camps, while Poland demanded the city of Kiev to be handed over per the Treaty of Andrusovo. Finally, the Orthodox monastic circle of Innokenti Gizel, where this work was first produced, was fervently aligned with Orthodoxy, and opposed to Polish Catholicism and Ottoman Islam. Therefore, the Synopsis presented a rather pro-Russian perspective of Ukrainian history, championing Muscovy as the legitimate heir of Kievan Rus’, instead of Halych-Volyn’ or the Grand Duchy of Lithuania-Ruthenia, as previous generations had done. The Kievan Synopsis, which “presented Kyiv as the cradle of the Rus’ dynasty, state, nation, and religion”, became “the most popular historical work in the premodern Russian Empire”.
- 1686: Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686 makes the transfer to Russia permanent.
- 1693: Cathedral of the Epiphany built.
- 1696: St. Nicholas Cathedral consecrated.
18th century
Early 19th century
References
- ^ a b Т.Г. Таирова-Яковлева Иван Выговский // Единорогъ. Материалы по военной истории Восточной Европы эпохи Средних веков и Раннего Нового времени, вып.1, М., 2009: Под влиянием польской общественности и сильного диктата Ватикана сейм в мае 1659 г. принял Гадячский договор в более чем урезанном виде. Идея Княжества Руського вообще была уничтожена, равно как и положение о сохранении союза с Москвой. Отменялась и ликвидация унии, равно как и целый ряд других позитивных статей.
- ^ “Approbacya komisyi Hadyackiey. Warszawa 1659″. Archived from the original on 2010-03-05. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
- ^ Plokhy, Serhii (2001). The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.62. ISBN 0-19-924739-0
- ^ Wójcik, Zbigniew (1982). Historia dyplomacji polskiej. Tom II, 1572-1795, p.178. PWN Warszawa. ISBN 83-01-00423-1
- ^ Stone, Daniel (2001). The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386-1795. A History of East Central Europe, Volume IV. pp.170-171. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-98093-1
- ^ Halecki, Oskar, F. Reddaway, J.H. Penson, Dyboski R. (1950). The Cambridge History of Poland, Volume I:From the Origins to Sobieski (to 1686), p. 526. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Davies, Norman (1981). God’s Playground. A History of Poland. Vol. 1: The Origins to 1795, Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-925339-0 / ISBN 0-19-925340-4.
- ^ Subtelny, Orest (1988). Ukraine: A History, 1st edition. p. 145. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8390-0
- ^ Stopka, Krzysztof (2000). Ormianie w Polsce dawnej i dzisiejszej (in Polish). Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka. p. 22. ISBN 83-7188-325-0.
- ^ Stopka, Krzysztof (2000). Ormianie w Polsce dawnej i dzisiejszej (in Polish). Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka. p. 22. ISBN 83-7188-325-0.
- ^ Eugeniusz Romer, O wschodniej granicy Polski z przed 1772 r., w: Księga Pamiątkowa ku czci Oswalda Balzera, t. II, Lwów 1925, s. [358].
Bibliography
