User:Wikipedian1234/sandbox: Difference between revisions – Wikipedia

Line 25: Line 25:

To emphasize their sovereignty over Macau, the Qing government implemented a local governance structure in 1731 at Qianshan to manage Chinese and Portuguese affairs, which was eventually moved to [[Mong-Há Fort|Mong Ha]] in 1743.<ref name = “Hao 36”>{{harvnb|Hao|2011|p=36}}</ref> A further layer of authority, the Macau Coast Military and Civilian Government, was added in 1744 and governed Xiangshan as well as other nearby counties; this organization’s chief official was based out of the Qianshan fort until 1910.<ref name = “Hao 36″/> Society in Zhuhai stabilized during the reign of the [[Qianlong Emperor]]; this period saw the establishment of several [[imperial examination]] academies in Xiangshan County.<ref name = “Relics p. 7”>{{harvnb|Zhuhai Historical Relics Management Committee|1994|p=7}}</ref>

To emphasize their sovereignty over Macau, the Qing government implemented a local governance structure in 1731 at Qianshan to manage Chinese and Portuguese affairs, which was eventually moved to [[Mong-Há Fort|Mong Ha]] in 1743.<ref name = “Hao 36”>{{harvnb|Hao|2011|p=36}}</ref> A further layer of authority, the Macau Coast Military and Civilian Government, was added in 1744 and governed Xiangshan as well as other nearby counties; this organization’s chief official was based out of the Qianshan fort until 1910.<ref name = “Hao 36″/> Society in Zhuhai stabilized during the reign of the [[Qianlong Emperor]]; this period saw the establishment of several [[imperial examination]] academies in Xiangshan County.<ref name = “Relics p. 7”>{{harvnb|Zhuhai Historical Relics Management Committee|1994|p=7}}</ref>

====Late Qing====

[[File:Chinese encampment near Macao.jpg|200px|thumb|left|alt=1842 illustration of a Chinese encampment outside of the Macau-Xiangshan border|1842 illustration of a Chinese encampment outside of the Macau-Xiangshan border]]

[[File:Chinese encampment near Macao.jpg|200px|thumb|left|alt=1842 illustration of a Chinese encampment outside of the Macau-Xiangshan border|1842 illustration of a Chinese encampment outside of the Macau-Xiangshan border]]

Zhuhai draft

History

Prehistoric era through Bronze age

Archeological evidence suggests human inhabitation in the Zhuhai region from at least the Neolithic Age. Numerous sites, including Baojingwan on Gaolan Island and Houshawan on Qi’ao Island, have yielded artifacts including pottery, rings, tools, and discs made of stone and jade that date between the Late Neolithic and Bronze Ages.^[1][2] Baojingwan also contains petroglyphs and paintings from the Late Neolithic period.^[3] Zhuhai’s prehistoric cultures demonstrate similarities with others discovered in the Pearl River Delta, and indicate the presence of maritime, hunter-gatherer, and agricultural societies.^[4][5] Sites such as Tangxiahua have also revealed bronze casts, indicating the existence of regional bronze manufacturing that was contemporary with the Shang and Western Zhou dynasties.^[6]

Imperial China

The Qin dynasty’s conquering of the indigenous Baiyue in 214 BCE incorporated present-day Zhuhai into China. Following the Qin’s collapse, Zhuhai was part of the Nanyue kingdom until its defeat by the Han in 111 BCE.

After Sun En’s rebellion during the Eastern Jin dynasty was driven out of Guangzhou, remaining forces evacuated to the Wanshan Archipelago; their descendants eventually settled on the islands and established fishing communities.^[7]

By the Tang dynasty, Zhuhai was within Dongguan County and became the location of the town of Xiangshan in 757, which developed into a center of salt production.^[7] Other regional industries in this period and in the subsequent Song dynasty were iron and silver mining. Xiangshan’s productive capacity eventually convinced the imperial court to establish Xiangshan County in 1152 by incorporating land from Dongguang, Nanhai, Panyu, and Xinhui.^[8] Villages proliferated throughout Xiangshan during the rest of the Southern Song period. During their retreat from encroaching Yuan forces, the Song imperial court passed through several settlements in Zhuhai, with Hengqin being the location of a battle against the Yuan led by Zhang Shijie.^[8]

Raids by wokou pirates along China’s coasts during the early Ming dynasty instigated the construction of fortifications in Zhuhai, including on Sanzao Island and Jinding.^[8] By the reign of the Jiajing Emperor, the imperial government instituted the Haijin policy, which banned maritime trade throughout Guangdong and other provinces with the intent of countering piracy. Despite this, regional problems with piracy intensified and clandestine trade with foreign merchants, including those from Europe and Southeast Asia, continued in the Zhuhai region.^[8]

Guangdong governor Lin Fu succeeded in persuaded the Ming government to open a port at Lampacau in present-day Nanshui in 1529, which between 1553 and 1557 was a center of trade with the Portuguese.^[9][10] Trade officials were eventually moved from Lampacau to Haojing in 1535, which was less remote and considered more favorable for trade.^[9] Portuguese merchants first arrived in Haojing in 1553 after allegedly bribing the port’s chief official Wang Bo to allow for the drying their cargo and establishment trade operations; increased Portuguese migration to Haojing led to its development into Macau.^[9][11] The Ming government established fortifications in Zhuhai as Macau grew to prevent further encroachment by Portugal, including a border checkpoint at Gongbei in 1574 and a military garrison at Qianshan in 1621.^[9] Via their presence in Macau, the Portuguese were able to assist in the eventual eradication of the area’s pirates.^[11]

Following the collapse of the Ming, the Qing dynasty enforced the Great Clearance along China’s coastal provinces between 1656 and 1684 to counter Ming loyalists that operated out of Taiwan. Xiangshan County and all surrounding municipalities were subsequently evacuated, with anyone resisting facing death. Residents reluctant to leave their homes hid in Hengqin, Sanzao, Gaolan, and elsewhere; they were infamously lured out by the Qing army in 1664 to Huangshan mountain in Doumen and killed en mass.^[9] Many of Zhuhai’s original inhabitants did not return after the policy ended in 1684, and the area became populated with migrants from other regions in Guangdong.^[12]

To emphasize their sovereignty over Macau, the Qing government implemented a local governance structure in 1731 at Qianshan to manage Chinese and Portuguese affairs, which was eventually moved to Mong Ha in 1743.^[13] A further layer of authority, the Macau Coast Military and Civilian Government, was added in 1744 and governed Xiangshan as well as other nearby counties; this organization’s chief official was based out of the Qianshan fort until 1910.^[13] Society in Zhuhai stabilized during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor; this period saw the establishment of several imperial examination academies in Xiangshan County.^[14]

Late Qing

In the prelude to the First Opium War, the opium trade had arisen in Zhuhai and the broader Pearl River Delta. British merchants originally stored opium at Yunque Bay to the south of Macau before moving their operations to Lintin Island following the Qing bans on the trade.^[15] Illicit opium trafficking then continued between Western smugglers and Chinese merchants in the waters around Jinxing Men.^[15] Villagers on Qi’ao Island, which served as an opium depot, succeeded in pushing out British and American opium traffickers on July 1, 1836 after a skirmish.^[14] After the war broke out in 1839, the British Army instigated the Battle of the Barrier at the Macau-Xiangshan border wall at Gongbei August 19, 1840; the British force’s superior firepower resulted in a Qing defeat.^[14]

Throughout the rest of the 19th century, many of Zhuhai’s residents migrated abroad or to other Chinese cities in pursuit of economic opportunity. Some became successful businessmen and reinvested their earnings in their hometowns. These included Wu Yuzheng and Wang Xi, who along with others in Xiangshan worked to establish Xiangzhou in 1908 as a planned port and commercial center. Xiangzhou was eventually deserted due to lack of government support and a devastating fire in 1911.^[16][15]

Zhuhai’s proximity to Macau and Hong Kong also enabled greater exposure to Western ideas and education among its residents; many went on to become prominent intellectuals, reformers, and revolutionaries. This was exemplified in the experience of Yung Wing, a native of Zhuhai who was the first Chinese graduate of an American college and ardent supporter of reform during the late Qing and early Republican periods.^[17] Others included Yang Pao’an, a Marxist activist and early member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) who helped facilitate the First United Front between the Kuomintang (KMT) and the CCP, and Su Zhaozheng, a labor activist and CCP member who lead the 1922 seamen’s strike and 1925 Canton–Hong Kong strike.^[16]

Republican period through Sino-Japanese war

After Sun Yat Sen, a native of Xiangshan and founder of the Republic of China, passed away in 1925, the county was renamed to Zhongshan in his honor. By 1930, Zhongshan was designated by the Nationalist government as a “model county”; under the leadership of Tang Shaoyi between 1929 and 1934, several infrastructure projects and public works were completed, including roads and parks. These plans were ultimately scaled back due to China’s ongoing economic and political difficulties.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese Navy docked aircraft carriers at Hebao and Gaolan Islands in October 1937 to support air raids on Guangzhou and other parts of Guangdong.^[18] Following the Canton Operation and their subsequent occupation of Guangdong, the Japanese sent around 5,000 troops to Sanzao in January 1938 and used it as a base for operations in South China. Local resistance against the Japanese was organized by the CCP beginning in 1940, with guerilla operations at Fenghuangshan, Huangyangshan, Qianshan, and Wuguishan.^[18]

After constructing an airfield in Haicheng, the Japanese, per their Three Alls policy, committed atrocities against civilians in Sanzao and other villages in Zhuhai, including massacres, rape, and enslavement of local children.^[19] In total, an estimated 8,000 were killed by Japanese occupiers during the war.^[20] After the war, survivors and overseas Chinese funded and constructed a memorial to the victims in 1948, which has since been relocated and designated as a protected cultural site since 1983.^[19]

Establishment of Zhuhai and modern development

In the final months of the Chinese Civil War, the CCP took control of Zhuhai between October 1949 and August 1950, with the Wanshan Archipelago Campaign forcing the KMT from the region.(p. 9) The area was first designated as “Zhuhai County” in 1953, which included southwestern Zhongshan and the archipelago around Hong Kong. After further administrative merges and separations with Zhongshan and Doumen during the 1950s and 1960s, Zhuhai was established as a city in 1979; Doumen County was put under its jurisdiction in 1983.

Bibliography